Chemistry Fundamentals Quiz

Matter: Anything that has mass and occupies space.
Atoms: Basic unit of matter; consists of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Elements: Pure substances made of only one type of atom (e.g., Hydrogen, Oxygen).
Compounds: Substances formed from two or more elements chemically bonded (e.g., H2O).

Solid: Fixed shape and volume, closely packed particles.
Liquid: Fixed volume, shape takes that of the container, particles are less tightly packed.
Gas: No fixed volume or shape, particles are far apart and move freely.
Plasma: Ionized gas with free-moving ions and electrons, found in stars.

Groups: Vertical columns; elements have similar properties.
Periods: Horizontal rows; properties change progressively.
Metals, Nonmetals, Metalloids: Metals are good conductors and malleable; nonmetals are poor conductors; metalloids have properties of both.

Ionic Bonds: Occur between metals and nonmetals, involve transfer of electrons.
Covalent Bonds: Occur between nonmetals, involve sharing of electrons.
Metallic Bonds: In metals, involve a sea of delocalized electrons.

Reactants: Substances present before a reaction.
Products: Substances formed after the reaction.
Types of Reactions:
- Synthesis
- Decomposition
- Single Replacement
- Double Replacement
- Combustion

Mole: Unit to measure amount of substance (6.022 x 10^23 particles).
Molar Mass: Mass of one mole of a substance, expressed in g/mol.
Balanced Chemical Equations: Must have equal number of atoms for each element on both sides.

Acids: Produce H+ ions; have a pH less than 7.
Bases: Produce OH- ions; have a pH greater than 7.
Neutralization: Reaction between an acid and a base, producing water and a salt.

Endothermic Reactions: Absorb heat from surroundings.
Exothermic Reactions: Release heat to surroundings.
Enthalpy: Measure of total energy in a system, used to calculate heat change in reactions.

Hydrocarbons: Compounds consisting solely of hydrogen and carbon.
- Alkanes: Saturated hydrocarbons (single bonds).
- Alkenes: Unsaturated hydrocarbons (at least one double bond).
- Alkynes: Unsaturated hydrocarbons (at least one triple bond).
Functional Groups: Specific groups of atoms that determine the characteristics of organic compounds (e.g., hydroxyl, carboxyl).

Reaction Rate: Speed at which reactants are converted to products.
Factors Affecting Reaction Rate:
- Concentration of reactants
- Temperature
- Presence of catalysts
- Surface area of reactants

Dynamic Equilibrium: State in a reversible reaction where the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction.
Le Chatelier's Principle: If a system at equilibrium is subjected to a change, the system will shift to counteract that change.

Distillation: Separation technique based on boiling points.
Filtration: Separation technique based on particle size.
Titration: Method to determine concentration of a solution by reacting it with a standard solution.

Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.
Atoms are the basic units of matter, comprised of protons, neutrons and electrons.
Elements are pure substances made up of only one type of atom, like hydrogen or oxygen.
Compounds are formed when two or more elements chemically bond, such as water (H2O).

Solids have a fixed shape and volume with closely packed particles.
Liquids have a fixed volume but take the shape of their container, with particles that are less tightly packed.
Gases have no fixed volume or shape, with particles that are far apart and move freely.
Plasma is an ionized gas with free-moving ions and electrons, commonly found in stars.

Elements in vertical columns are called groups, and they share similar properties.
Elements in horizontal rows are called periods, with properties that progressively change from left to right.
Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity and are malleable.
Nonmetals are poor conductors of heat and electricity.
Metalloids exhibit properties of both metals and nonmetals.

Ionic bonds occur between metals and nonmetals and involve the transfer of electrons.
Covalent bonds occur between nonmetals and involve the sharing of electrons.
Metallic bonds occur in metals and involve a "sea" of delocalized electrons.

Reactants are the substances present before a chemical reaction.
Products are the substances formed after a chemical reaction.
Types of chemical reaction include synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, double replacement, and combustion.

A mole is a unit used to measure the amount of a substance, with one mole containing 6.022 x 10^23 particles.
Molar mass is the mass of one mole of a substance, expressed in grams per mole (g/mol).
Balanced chemical equations ensure that the number of atoms for each element is equal on both sides of the equation.

Endothermic reactions absorb heat from their surroundings.
Exothermic reactions release heat to their surroundings.
Enthalpy is a measure of the total energy in a system, used to calculate heat changes in reactions.

Hydrocarbons are compounds composed solely of hydrogen and carbon.
Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons with only single bonds between carbon atoms.
Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons containing at least one double bond between carbon atoms.
Alkynes are unsaturated hydrocarbons containing at least one triple bond between carbon atoms.
Functional groups are specific groups of atoms in organic compounds that determine their characteristics, such as hydroxyl (-OH) and carboxyl (-COOH) groups.

Reaction rate is the speed at which reactants are converted to products.
Factors affecting reaction rate include the concentration of reactants, temperature, presence of catalysts, and surface area of reactants.

Dynamic equilibrium is a state in a reversible reaction where the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction.
Le Chatelier's Principle states that if a system at equilibrium is subjected to a change, the system will shift to counteract that change.

Distillation is a separation technique based on the difference in boiling points of substances.
Filtration separates substances based on particle size.
Titration determines the concentration of a solution by reacting it with a standard solution of known concentration.