Chemistry Fundamentals
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Questions and Answers

What is the smallest stable unit of matter?

  • Molecule
  • Element
  • Compound
  • Atom (correct)

Which of the following elements is a primary component of bone?

  • Sulfur
  • Calcium (correct)
  • Sodium
  • Potassium

What does the chemical symbol 'O' represent?

  • Oxygen (correct)
  • Sodium
  • Potassium
  • Carbon

Which of the following molecules is the formula for Glucose?

<p>$C_6H_{12}O_6$ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An atom or molecule with a positive electrical charge is known as what?

<p>Cation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of building larger molecules from smaller ones called?

<p>Synthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the reaction that removes water to combine two functional groups?

<p>Dehydration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process breaks down larger organic molecules into smaller ones?

<p>Hydrolysis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In protein construction, what name is given to the process by which amino acids are joined together?

<p>Dehydration synthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of molecules are immune to glycerol from deoxygenation?

<p>Fatty acids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is genetic material located within a cell?

<p>Nucleus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the fluid inside a cell?

<p>Cytosol (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Molecules containing both carbon and hydrogen are classified as what?

<p>Organic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for compounds that separate into positive and negative ions when dissolved in water?

<p>Electrolytes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a substance that dissolves into another substance?

<p>Solute (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a base in a solution?

<p>To combine with free $H^+$ ions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process occurs when mixing an acid and a base?

<p>Neutralization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a buffer in a solution?

<p>To stabilize the pH. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal pH range of blood in the human body?

<p>7.35-7.45 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the condition where blood pH is above 7.45?

<p>Alkalemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the electric charge of a neutron?

<p>Neutral (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are protons and neutrons located in an atom?

<p>In the nucleus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the atomic number of an element?

<p>Number of protons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If an atom has 6 protons and 8 neutrons, what is its mass number?

<p>14 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when like charges are placed near each other?

<p>They repel (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the type and number of chemical bonds an atom can form?

<p>The number of electrons in the valence shell (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a covalent bond?

<p>Atoms share electrons. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum number of electrons the first electron energy level can hold?

<p>2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of an atom with a filled valence shell?

<p>It becomes stable and unreactive. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond is formed through the attraction between a cation and an anion?

<p>Ionic Bond (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of molecule is water a good solvent for?

<p>Ions and polar molecules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of bond joins amino acids together to form proteins?

<p>Peptide Bond (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a polypeptide?

<p>A polymer of amino acids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of molecules are oils and fats?

<p>Non-polar (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a polar molecule, what happens to the electrons?

<p>Electrons shift towards one atom creating partial charges. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Water's role in the body

The body's main component, making up 50-60% of its mass.

Molecule

A substance made up of two or more atoms in a fixed ratio.

Atom

Smallest stable unit of matter

Element

Matter made of only one type of atom.

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Anion

An atom or molecule with a negative electrical charge.

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Synthesis (Anabolism)

Building larger molecules from smaller ones.

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Catabolism

Chemical reactions that break down complex molecules into simpler ones. Involves hydrolysis.

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Enzymes

Biological catalysts, usually proteins, that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms.

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Cofactors

Non-protein chemical compound that is bound to a protein and is required for the protein's biological activity

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Hydrolysis

A chemical reaction that split a molecule by adding water. Breaks down larger structures.

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Chemical Bond Energy

Potential energy stored in chemical bonds, released when bonds are broken.

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Cytosol

Fluid inside the cell containing molecules dissolved in water.

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Electrolytes

Compounds splitting into positive and negative ions when dissolved in water.

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Amphipathic

Having both water-attracting and water-repelling regions.

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Acids

Electrolytes that release H+ ions when dissolved in water, increasing the H+ concentration.

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Bases

Electrolytes that combine with free H+ ions in water, reducing the H+ concentration.

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Neutralization

The reaction between an acid and a base that produces water and a salt.

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Buffers

Compounds that stabilize pH by consuming excess acid or base in a solution.

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pH scale

A scale used to measure the concentration of H+ ions in a solution.

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Protons

Positively charged subatomic particles found in the nucleus of an atom.

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Neutrons

Subatomic particles with no electric charge, located in the nucleus.

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Electrons

Negatively charged subatomic particles that orbit the nucleus.

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Atomic Number

The number of protons in an atom's nucleus, defining the element.

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Isotope

Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.

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Chemical Bond

The attractive force that links two atoms together.

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Electron Energy Level

A specific, defined energy range that an electron can possess within an atom; electrons further from the nucleus have higher energy.

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Valence Shell

The outermost electron shell of an atom; its electrons determine the atom's bonding behavior.

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Covalent Bond

A bond formed by sharing electrons between atoms.

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Ionic Bond

A bond resulting from the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions.

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Hydrogen Bond

A weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom (like oxygen or nitrogen).

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Water as a Solvent

Water's ability to dissolve ions and polar molecules due to its own polarity.

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Polar Molecule

A molecule with an uneven distribution of electron density, resulting in partial positive and negative charges.

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Polypeptide

A chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.

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Protein

A polypeptide chain with at least 100 amino acids.

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