Chemistry Fundamentals

The principle that states that the volume of a fixed mass of gas is inversely proportional to its pressure, provided the temperature remains constant, is known as ______ Law.

Elements in the same ______ of the periodic table exhibit similar chemical properties due to having the same number of valence electrons.

The ______ of a wave is the distance between two consecutive crests or troughs and is measured in units such as meters or nanometers.

In a chemical reaction, the ______ is the minimum energy required for the reaction to occur, often provided by heat or light.

[Blank] are substances that donate protons (H+) when dissolved in water, increasing the concentration of hydronium ions.

The process by which a solid changes directly into a gas, bypassing the liquid phase, is called ______.

A chemical bond formed by the sharing of electron pairs between atoms is known as a ______ bond.

The ______ number indicates the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, determining the element's identity.

The law of ______ states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can only be converted from one form to another.

[Blank] is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance and is typically measured in degrees Celsius or Kelvin.

The ______ principle states that it is impossible to know simultaneously both the exact position and momentum of a particle.

The amount of a substance that contains the same number of chemical units as there are atoms in 12 grams of carbon-12 is known as a ______.

[Blank] reactions are chemical reactions that release energy in the form of heat, causing the temperature of the surroundings to increase.

The process of separating ions from a solid compound by dissolving it in a solvent, such as water, is called ______.

A ______ is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process.

The ______ of a solution is a measure of the amount of solute that is dissolved in a given quantity of solvent.

The ______ is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution, ranging from 0 to 14, with values below 7 indicating acidic conditions.

The ______ is the electrode where oxidation occurs, resulting in the loss of electrons in an electrochemical cell.

The process of ______ involves the gain of electrons by a substance, leading to a decrease in its oxidation state.

The ______ law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of an isolated system always increases over time.