Chemistry Fundamentals
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Questions and Answers

What subatomic particles are represented by $p^+$, $n_o$, and $e^-$?

  • Positron, neutrino, electron
  • Positron, neutron, electron
  • Proton, neutron, electron (correct)
  • Proton, neutrino, electron

Which group of elements is known as the alkali metals?

  • Group 17
  • Group 1 (correct)
  • Group 2
  • Group 18

What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy the energy level when n = 1?

  • 18
  • 8
  • 2 (correct)
  • 1

Which of the following elements has the largest atomic radius?

<p>K (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ions with a positive charge are known as what?

<p>Cations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A change of state is what type of change?

<p>Physical (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The number of protons for a specific element will do what?

<p>Never change (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many electrons are contained in a single covalent bond?

<p>2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is a carbon-hydrogen bond considered nonpolar?

<p>Carbon and hydrogen have very similar electronegativities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When water evaporates, what type of bonds are broken?

<p>Hydrogen bonds between water molecules (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical name for the compound $CaF_2$?

<p>Calcium Fluoride (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a Lewis structure, what do the dots around an atom represent?

<p>Lone pairs of electrons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct chemical formula for ethanol?

<p>$C_2H_5OH$ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate bond angle around an oxygen atom in a water molecule ($H_2O$)?

<p>109.5 degrees (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond is formed through the sharing of electrons between atoms?

<p>Covalent bond (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common type of intermolecular force (IMF)?

<p>Dipole-dipole force (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the law of conservation of mass state?

<p>Mass remains constant during a chemical reaction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the symbol Δ above an arrow in a chemical reaction typically indicate?

<p>Heat (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a balanced chemical equation, what do the coefficients represent?

<p>Moles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct name for the acid formed from the anion bromide ($Br^−$)?

<p>Hydrobromic acid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is the name of $CaF_2$?

Calcium Fluoride

What is the name of $Fe_2O_3$?

Iron(III) Oxide

What is the name of $Na_2SO_4$?

Sodium Sulfate

What are bonded pairs?

Electrons shared between atoms.

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What are lone pairs?

Unshared electrons on an atom.

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What are alkali metals?

Elements in Group 1A (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr). They are highly reactive metals.

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What are alkaline earth metals?

Elements in Group 2A (Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra). They are reactive metals, but less so than alkali metals.

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What is a cation?

Cations have a positive charge because they have lost electrons

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How does nuclear strength change across a period?

Moving left to right across a period, the strength of the nucleus increases due to increasing positive charge.

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What is an anion?

Anions have a negative charge because they have gained electrons; they are larger than their parent atom because the increased electron repulsion expands the electron cloud.

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Specific Gravity

The ratio of a substance's density to the density of a reference substance (usually water).

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Proton Number Change

Protons define an element; changing the number of protons changes the element.

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Covalent Bond Electron Count

A single covalent bond shares 2 electrons, a double bond shares 4 electrons, and a triple bond shares 6 electrons.

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Types of IMFs

London Dispersion Forces are temporary, Dipole-Dipole attractions occur between polar molecules, and Hydrogen Bonding is a strong attraction between H and N, O, or F.

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Endothermic Physical Changes

Endothermic changes absorb heat such as melting, boiling, and sublimation.

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What are Intermolecular forces (IMF)?

Intermolecular forces (IMFs) are the forces of attraction or repulsion which act between neighboring atoms and molecules.

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Law of conservation of mass?

The law of conservation of mass states that mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction. The mass of the products in a chemical reaction must equal the mass of the reactants.

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What does 'Δ' mean in a reaction?

The delta symbol (Δ) above the arrow in a chemical reaction means that heat is being added to the reaction.

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Coefficients: grams or moles?

Coefficients in a balanced chemical equation represent the number of moles of each substance involved in the reaction.

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Oxidation vs. Reduction

Oxidation is loss of electrons, reduction is gain of electrons.

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