Chemistry Foundations for Nutrition
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Questions and Answers

What is the study of the composition and characteristics of matter and the changes it can undergo?

Chemistry

What is the term for the study of how the human body functions?

Human physiology

What are the raw materials that your cells need to survive and function?

Nutrients and oxygen

What is the importance of learning the meaning of basic chemistry terms?

<p>It can help you understand the nutrition information in the following chapters</p> Signup and view all the answers

What makes up food, air, water, rocks, and other forms of matter?

<p>Chemicals</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a complex collection of chemicals organized into cells?

<p>A human being</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do some people avoid eating foods that are not labeled organic?

<p>Because they contain additives or pesticides</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of Section 4.4 in the chapter?

<p>Common health problems that affect the digestive system</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a compound in the context of chemistry?

<p>A molecule that contains two or more different elements in specific proportions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a solution in chemistry?

<p>An evenly distributed mixture of two or more compounds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a substance that dissolves in a solvent?

<p>Solute</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent?

<p>Solubility</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an ion?

<p>An atom or group of atoms that gains or loses one or more electrons, resulting in an electrical charge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an electrolyte?

<p>A substance that forms ions when dissolved in water, allowing it to conduct electricity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the central region of an atom where protons are found?

<p>the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of symbols in chemistry?

<p>to represent elements</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an acid?

<p>A substance that loses H+ when dissolved in water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pH scale?

<p>A scale that measures the concentration of hydrogen ions in a watery solution, ranging from 0 to 14.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances?

<p>an element</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when atoms interact and form a chemical bond?

<p>they form a molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines whether a substance is acidic or basic?

<p>The concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in the substance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical formula for a water molecule?

<p>H2O</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a solution with water as the solvent?

<p>A sports drink, which has sugar, minerals, colorings, and flavorings dissolved in water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms are in a glucose molecule?

<p>6 carbon, 12 hydrogen, and 6 oxygen atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is unique about carbon atoms?

<p>they can bond to each other by single, double, and triple bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for elements found in the Earth's crust that are essential for human health?

<p>minerals</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between essential and non-essential elements?

<p>essential elements are necessary for the body to function normally, while non-essential elements are not</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a molecule that contains different elements?

<p>water (H2O)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pH of a neutral solution, and what is the characteristic of such a solution?

<p>The pH of a neutral solution is 7, and it has the same number of H+ as OH−.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the body maintain its acid-base balance, and what is the normal pH range of blood?

<p>The body maintains its acid-base balance through buffers in the blood, and the normal pH range of blood is 7.35-7.45.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when an acid is added to an alkaline solution, and what is the resulting pH?

<p>The pH of the solution is neutralized, resulting in a pH of 7.0 or almost 7.0.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of buffers in the blood, and how do they help maintain the body's acid-base balance?

<p>Buffers accept excess OH− or H+ ions to maintain the body's acid-base balance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the lungs and kidneys contribute to the body's acid-base balance?

<p>The lungs remove excess H+ through exhalation, while the kidneys remove or neutralize H+ when forming urine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is anthocyanin, and what are its properties?

<p>Anthocyanin is a pigment found in certain fruits and vegetables, which is red in acidic solutions (pH &lt; 4) and blue-green in basic solutions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a chemical reaction, and what happens to the elements involved?

<p>A chemical reaction is a process that changes the arrangement of atoms in molecules, where elements combine to form new molecules or compounds without being destroyed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between synthetic and decomposition reactions?

<p>Synthetic reactions involve the combination of elements or compounds to form new substances, while decomposition reactions involve the breaking down of molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pH of black coffee, and how does it compare to the pH of tomatoes?

<p>The pH of black coffee is about 5.0, which is less acidic than tomatoes, which have a pH of about 4.0.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pH of a drain cleaner that contains sodium hydroxide, and how does it compare to egg white?

<p>The pH of the drain cleaner is about 14, which is more alkaline than egg white, which has a pH of about 8.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when vinegar (an acid) reacts with baking soda (a base)?

<p>Carbon dioxide gas and sodium acetate (a salt) are formed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of an acid ingredient in recipes that require baking soda?

<p>The acid reacts with the baking soda to produce carbon dioxide gas, which 'raises' the mixture, giving it a light, airy structure after baking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between catabolic and anabolic reactions?

<p>Catabolic reactions involve breaking down molecules, while anabolic reactions involve synthesizing new compounds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of enzymes in chemical reactions?

<p>Enzymes catalyze (speed up) specific chemical reactions, without becoming part of the products.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is unique about the names of most enzymes?

<p>Most enzyme names end with -ase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why can't you add fresh pineapple to a gelatin dessert?

<p>Pineapple contains enzymes that break down gelatin, preventing it from thickening.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a salt in the context of chemistry?

<p>A salt is a substance that forms when an acid reacts with a base.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in living cells?

<p>Metabolism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to enzymes when food is cooked?

<p>Enzymes are usually destroyed by heat during cooking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of enzymes that allows them to catalyze many reactions?

<p>Enzymes are recyclable, meaning they are not consumed by the reaction and can be reused.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Chemistry Foundations

  • Matter is composed of atoms that contain protons and electrons.
  • Atoms have no electrical charge due to the equal number of protons and electrons.
  • There are over 100 different types of atoms, each with its own element.
  • Elements are the building blocks of matter and are essential for human nutrition.
  • Examples of nutrition-related elements include Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Carbon (C), Nitrogen (N), Calcium (Ca), and Iron (Fe).

Molecules and Compounds

  • Molecules form when atoms interact and share electrons, forming a chemical bond.
  • Chemical formulas represent the number and type of atoms in a molecule.
  • Compounds are molecules that contain two or more different elements in specific proportions.
  • Solutions are evenly distributed mixtures of two or more compounds, with water often being the solvent.

Ions

  • Ions are atoms or groups of atoms that gain or lose electrons, resulting in an electrical charge.
  • Ions can be positively charged (e.g., ammonium ion) or negatively charged (e.g., hydroxide ion).
  • Electrolytes, such as sodium and potassium, are ions that conduct electricity and have important functions in the body.

Acids and Bases

  • Acids are substances that lose H+ when dissolved in water.
  • Bases are substances that remove and accept H+ when dissolved in water.
  • pH measures the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution, with a pH of 7 being neutral.
  • The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, with low values indicating high acidity and high values indicating high basicity.

Chemical Reactions

  • Chemical reactions involve changes in the arrangement of atoms in molecules.
  • Synthetic reactions combine elements or compounds to form new substances.
  • Decomposition reactions break down molecules into smaller components.
  • Enzymes are molecules (usually proteins) that catalyze specific chemical reactions.

Enzymes

  • Enzymes speed up chemical reactions without becoming part of the products.
  • Enzymes have specific actions and are sensitive to environmental conditions such as pH, temperature, and presence of vitamins and minerals.
  • Examples of enzymes include sucrase, which breaks down sucrose into glucose and fructose.

Metabolism

  • Metabolism refers to the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in living cells.
  • Catabolic reactions involve breaking down molecules, while anabolic reactions involve synthesizing new compounds.

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Test your understanding of basic chemistry concepts, including elements, ions, chemical bonds, and enzymes, and their role in nutritional processes.

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