Chemistry Final Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What causes cancer, exposure to radiation or smoking cigarettes?

Cannot be determined. Multiple factors could cause the same cancer.

Describe nuclear fission and fusion.

Fusion: 2 smaller atoms combine to form a larger atom. Fission: splitting 1 atom into 2 smaller atoms.

What are the characteristics of nuclear fission?

Splitting of an atom into 2 or more fragments with the addition of 3 neutrons.

Why are research papers peer-reviewed by other scientists?

To check to see if the information is valid. Signup and view all the answers

How much of a sample remains after 4 half-lives?

1/16 of the original amount. Signup and view all the answers

What is the atomic number and mass number of Carbon-13?

Atomic number 6, mass number 13. Signup and view all the answers

Provide a balanced alpha emission nuclear equation example.

189 Bi ----> 185 Tl + 4 He Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between chemical and nuclear reactions?

Chemical: 1 atom bonds with another atom; Nuclear: atom nucleus added or taken away; involves fusion and fission. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the presence of carbon-14 in organisms.

The radioactive isotope reacts in the same way as stable isotopes in the chemical reactions in the body. Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of exothermic and endothermic processes?

Exothermic: energy is released; Endothermic: energy is absorbed. Signup and view all the answers

What are the energy sources for photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

Photosynthesis: light; Cellular respiration: chemical reactions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in carbohydrates?

1:2:1. Signup and view all the answers

What molecule makes up most of phospholipid bilayer models?

Lipids. Signup and view all the answers

What is the functional group of an aldehyde?

Carbonyl chain with carbonyl group at one end. Signup and view all the answers

What class of organic compound would neutralize carboxylic acid?

Amine. Signup and view all the answers

What are the properties of alkanes?

Combustible, no reactivity, insoluble in water, soluble in ether, boiling point approx. 200. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between the appearance of oil vs. gasoline molecules?

Oil molecules have high boiling points and long chains; gasoline molecules have low boiling points and shorter chains. Signup and view all the answers

How do you know if a compound is organic?

The compound contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; the biggest indicator is carbon. Signup and view all the answers

Identify the anode, cathode, and electrolyte.

Anode: positive current flows in; Cathode: positive current flows out; Electrolyte: space between. Signup and view all the answers

Which cars are the most environmentally friendly?

Fuel cell electric and battery electric. Signup and view all the answers

What are the steps to balancing oxidation-reduction equations using the half-reaction method?

<ol> <li>Determine which atoms change oxidation state; 2. Identify and write half reactions; 3. Balance half reactions; 4. Return to the original equation to balance it.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fastest way to identify an oxidation-reduction reaction from a list of chemical equations?

Find the equation with the standard state molecule, indicating that its atoms are changing oxidation numbers. Signup and view all the answers

Identify oxidation and reduction atoms in the reaction 2NO(g) + 2CO(g) -> N2(g) + 2CO2(g).

Nitrogen is reduced from +2 to 0; Carbon is oxidized from +2 to +4. Signup and view all the answers

Which tool provides the most direct measure of pH by measuring the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution?

pH Meter. Signup and view all the answers

Which value is most likely to be the pH of a salt formed by the reaction of a strong acid and weak base?

3.6 Signup and view all the answers

Which value is most likely to be the pH of a salt that is formed by the reaction of a weak acid and a strong base?

10.0 Signup and view all the answers

Does pure water at 25 degrees Celsius self-ionize or ionize in the presence of an acid? What is the equation?

It self-ionizes. Signup and view all the answers

Given a pOH of 3.0, what is the pH of the solution?

<ol start="11"> <li></li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

Review Lewis, Bronsted-Lowry, and Arrhenius theories.

Arrhenius: affects concentration of [H+] or [OH-]; Bronsted-Lowry: deals with proton acceptors/donors; Lewis: deals with electron acceptors/donors. Signup and view all the answers

An increase in covalent bonds is typical of a reaction between what type of acid and base?

Lewis acid and base. Signup and view all the answers

Common uses of bases. Check all that apply.

Reduce bacterial secretions during brushing of the teeth Signup and view all the answers

If NaOH is added to a beaker of water, what indicator results will occur?

The solution turns phenolphthalein pink. Signup and view all the answers

Describe how to make 1.00 L of a 0.100M NaOH solution from a 5.25M NaOH stock solution.

Measure 19 mL of the 5.25M solution, and dilute it to 1.00 L. Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial step at the molecular level as water dissolves into n-butanol?

Butanol molecules are attracted to the surface of the water molecules. Signup and view all the answers

What is the second step in the dissolving process?

Solvent molecules surround solute particles. Signup and view all the answers

Which substance allows light to pass through without scattering?

Sea water. Signup and view all the answers

What does a centrifuge do?

Separates particles undissolved in a mixture into different layers. Signup and view all the answers

If the temperature of a gas is doubled and pressure stays the same, what else needs to double?

The volume. Signup and view all the answers

How do you determine if a chemical equation is spontaneous or not?

If G is negative, the reaction is spontaneous; if G is positive, it is not spontaneous. Signup and view all the answers

What is the spontaneity of a reaction with a decrease in entropy and an increase in enthalpy?

Non-spontaneous at high and low temperatures. Signup and view all the answers

What does -H(vap) mean in a phase change?

It represents the enthalpy change associated with the formation of a liquid from a gas. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cancer Causes

Cancer can arise from various factors including radiation and smoking, making exact causation difficult to determine.

Fusion vs. Fission

Fusion: Combination of two smaller atoms to form a larger atom.
Fission: Splitting of one atom into two smaller atoms, releasing energy.

Nuclear Fission Characteristics

Involves splitting an atom into multiple fragments.
Addition of three neutrons can help sustain the chain reaction.

Peer Review Importance

Peer review ensures the validity and reliability of research findings through evaluation by fellow scientists.

Remaining Sample After Half-Lives

After four half-lives, only 1/16 of the original sample remains, calculated using the formula (1/2)^n, where n is the number of half-lives.

Element Notation

Carbon-13 is represented as 13C with atomic number 6 positioned below the element symbol.

Alpha Emission Equation

Example: 189 Bi --> 185 Tl + 4 He illustrates balanced nuclear alpha decay reaction.

Chemical vs. Nuclear Reactions

Chemical reactions involve bonding between atoms, while nuclear reactions change the nucleus by adding or removing particles.

Carbon-14 in Organisms

Carbon-14, a radioactive isotope, behaves like stable isotopes in chemical reactions within living organisms.

Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions

Exothermic reactions release energy, while endothermic reactions absorb energy.

Energy Sources

Photosynthesis relies on light for energy, while cellular respiration involves chemical reactions to release energy.

Carbohydrate Composition

Carbohydrates have a 1:2:1 ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Phospholipid Bi-layer

Lipids primarily constitute the structure of phospholipid bilayer models in cell membranes.

Aldehyde Functional Group

An aldehyde contains a carbonyl group at one end of a carbon chain, represented structurally as O || R - C - H.

Neutralizing Carboxylic Acids

Amines are organic compounds that can neutralize carboxylic acids.

Alkane Properties

Alkanes are characterized as combustible, non-reactive, water-insoluble, ether-soluble, and have boiling points around 200°C.

Oil vs. Gasoline Molecular Structure

Oil has high boiling point, long-chain molecules; gasoline consists of low boiling point, short-chain molecules.

Identifying Organic Compounds

Compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen are typically classified as organic, with carbon as the key indicator.

Anode, Cathode, and Electrolyte

The anode is where positive current flows in, the cathode is where it flows out, and the electrolyte is the medium separating the two.

Environmentally Friendly Cars

Fuel cell and battery electric vehicles are considered the most environmentally friendly options.

Balancing Redox Equations

Steps to balance oxidation-reduction equations:
- Identify atom changes in oxidation states.
- Write and balance half reactions.
- Return to the original equation to achieve balance.

Identifying Redox Reactions

The fastest way to identify oxidation-reduction reactions is to find equations where oxidation numbers are changing.

Oxidation and Reduction in Reactions

In the reaction 2NO(g) + 2CO(g) -> N2(g) + 2CO2(g), nitrogen is reduced and carbon is oxidized.

Measuring pH

A pH meter directly measures pH by assessing hydrogen ion concentration.

pH of Salt from Strong Acid and Weak Base

A salt formed from a strong acid and weak base typically has a pH of around 3.6.

pH of Salt from Weak Acid and Strong Base

A salt resulting from a weak acid and strong base typically has a pH around 10.0.

Self Ionization of Water

At 25 degrees Celsius, pure water self-ionizes to produce [H3O+] = [OH-] = 10^-7.

Calculating pH from pOH

For a solution with a pOH of 3.0, derive pH using the relationship pH + pOH = 14; thus, pH equals 11.

Acid-Base Definitions

Arrhenius: Concerns [H+] and [OH-] concentrations.
Bronsted-Lowry: Focuses on proton donors and acceptors.
Lewis: Deals with electron donors and acceptors.

Uses of Bases

Common applications of bases include reducing bacterial secretions in toothpaste and alleviating indigestion.

Indicator Reaction with NaOH

Adding NaOH to water turns phenolphthalein pink; blue indicates acid, and red indicates base, resulting in a pink solution.

Dilution Procedure

To create a 0.100M NaOH solution from 5.25 M stock, measure 19 mL of stock and dilute to 1.00 L.

Molecular Behavior in Dissolution

Water molecules dissolve into n-butanol by initially being attracted to the polar molecules of butanol.

Step in Dissolving Process

The second step involves solvent molecules surrounding the solute particles after initial attraction.

Mixture Light Transparency

Solutions like seawater allow light to pass without scattering, classifying it as a non-scattered mixture.

Function of a Centrifuge

A centrifuge quickly spins a mixture to separate undissolved particles into different layers based on density.

Gas Temperature and Pressure Relationship

If the gas temperature doubles while pressure remains constant, the volume must also double.

Spontaneity of Reactions

A negative Gibbs free energy (G) indicates a spontaneous reaction, while a positive G indicates non-spontaneity.

Enthalpy and Entropy in Reactions

A reaction with decreased entropy and increased enthalpy suggests non-spontaneity at varying temperatures.

Phase Change and Energy

-H(vap) denotes the energy change during the phase transition of a liquid to a gas.

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Description

Prepare for your chemistry final with these flashcards that cover key concepts such as nuclear fission and fusion, and the factors contributing to cancer. Each card provides essential definitions and explanations to help solidify your understanding. Test your knowledge and readiness for the exam.