Podcast
Questions and Answers
What remains in the flask after evaporating the lead nitrate solution?
What remains in the flask after evaporating the lead nitrate solution?
- Water
- Carbon tetrachloride
- Toluene
- Lead nitrate (correct)
What is the main purpose of using a separating funnel?
What is the main purpose of using a separating funnel?
- To separate mixtures based on boiling points
- To evaporate liquids
- To separate layers of different densities (correct)
- To condense vapors back to liquid
In fractional distillation, which liquid remains in the flask after condensation?
In fractional distillation, which liquid remains in the flask after condensation?
- Benzene
- Carbon tetrachloride
- Water
- Toluene (correct)
What is the role of the solvent in chromatography?
What is the role of the solvent in chromatography?
Which of the following describes a component that has a lower boiling point than toluene?
Which of the following describes a component that has a lower boiling point than toluene?
What type of substance is formed by the combination of two or more different elements?
What type of substance is formed by the combination of two or more different elements?
Which of the following properties is NOT characteristic of metals?
Which of the following properties is NOT characteristic of metals?
What is the smallest particle of an element that retains the properties of that element?
What is the smallest particle of an element that retains the properties of that element?
Which type of mixture has a uniform composition and properties throughout?
Which type of mixture has a uniform composition and properties throughout?
Which of the following is true about non-metals?
Which of the following is true about non-metals?
What classification do elements like helium and argon fall under?
What classification do elements like helium and argon fall under?
Which type of molecules are formed by two atoms of the same element?
Which type of molecules are formed by two atoms of the same element?
Which of the following is an example of a heterogeneous mixture?
Which of the following is an example of a heterogeneous mixture?
Which of the following correctly defines a compound?
Which of the following correctly defines a compound?
What characteristic differentiates mixtures from compounds?
What characteristic differentiates mixtures from compounds?
Which method is suitable for separating iron from a mixture of iron and copper?
Which method is suitable for separating iron from a mixture of iron and copper?
Which of the following does NOT characterize compounds?
Which of the following does NOT characterize compounds?
What is an example of an element?
What is an example of an element?
Which example represents a mixture?
Which example represents a mixture?
What type of separation method would be used to isolate potassium chlorate from a mixture of potassium nitrate and potassium chlorate?
What type of separation method would be used to isolate potassium chlorate from a mixture of potassium nitrate and potassium chlorate?
Which of these statements is true about elements?
Which of these statements is true about elements?
Which method can be used to separate a soluble solid from a liquid?
Which method can be used to separate a soluble solid from a liquid?
What happens to the properties of substances when they form a compound?
What happens to the properties of substances when they form a compound?
Which type of mixture can be separated by filtration?
Which type of mixture can be separated by filtration?
Which method involves the separation of two miscible liquids?
Which method involves the separation of two miscible liquids?
Which of the following best defines a mixture?
Which of the following best defines a mixture?
How are components in a compound combined?
How are components in a compound combined?
What is the purpose of the fractionating column in fractional distillation?
What is the purpose of the fractionating column in fractional distillation?
Which statement accurately describes the separation process using a separating funnel?
Which statement accurately describes the separation process using a separating funnel?
In chromatography, what mechanism is primarily responsible for the separation of dyes?
In chromatography, what mechanism is primarily responsible for the separation of dyes?
After completing the process of evaporation and condensation for lead nitrate, what remains in the flask?
After completing the process of evaporation and condensation for lead nitrate, what remains in the flask?
What will happen to toluene during fractional distillation of a benzene-toluene mixture?
What will happen to toluene during fractional distillation of a benzene-toluene mixture?
What distinguishes a compound from a mixture?
What distinguishes a compound from a mixture?
Which of the following properties is NOT typical of metals?
Which of the following properties is NOT typical of metals?
What type of elements are classified as monoatomic?
What type of elements are classified as monoatomic?
What is a characteristic of non-metals?
What is a characteristic of non-metals?
Which statement accurately describes a molecule?
Which statement accurately describes a molecule?
Which of the following is a characteristic of noble gases?
Which of the following is a characteristic of noble gases?
What type of mixture is represented by oil and water?
What type of mixture is represented by oil and water?
What signifies an impure substance?
What signifies an impure substance?
What distinguishes a compound from a mixture?
What distinguishes a compound from a mixture?
Which of the following statements about elements is true?
Which of the following statements about elements is true?
What is the primary method for separating two non-miscible liquids?
What is the primary method for separating two non-miscible liquids?
Which separation method can be used to isolate dissolved gas from a solvent?
Which separation method can be used to isolate dissolved gas from a solvent?
Which statement best describes the nature of a mixture?
Which statement best describes the nature of a mixture?
What defines a polyatomic molecule?
What defines a polyatomic molecule?
What happens when elements form a compound?
What happens when elements form a compound?
Which method would be best for separating a soluble solid from a liquid?
Which method would be best for separating a soluble solid from a liquid?
Which of the following is true about compounds?
Which of the following is true about compounds?
In fractional crystallization, which solid would be separated first?
In fractional crystallization, which solid would be separated first?
Which of the following is a characteristic of a mixture?
Which of the following is a characteristic of a mixture?
What is the process of separating two solids, where one changes directly into vapor upon heating?
What is the process of separating two solids, where one changes directly into vapor upon heating?
Which of the following techniques is NOT generally used for separating components of mixtures?
Which of the following techniques is NOT generally used for separating components of mixtures?
Which of these is an example of a compound?
Which of these is an example of a compound?
The mixture evaporates and later condenses in the flask 'X', while ______ remains after evaporation.
The mixture evaporates and later condenses in the flask 'X', while ______ remains after evaporation.
A ______ is a pure substance made up of only one kind of atoms.
A ______ is a pure substance made up of only one kind of atoms.
A ______ is formed by the combination of two or more different elements.
A ______ is formed by the combination of two or more different elements.
A ______ funnel can be used to separate carbon tetrachloride from a mixture of carbon tetrachloride and water.
A ______ funnel can be used to separate carbon tetrachloride from a mixture of carbon tetrachloride and water.
An example of a homogeneous mixture is ______.
An example of a homogeneous mixture is ______.
In fractional distillation, higher boiling point liquid ______ remains in the flask after condensation.
In fractional distillation, higher boiling point liquid ______ remains in the flask after condensation.
The smallest particle of an element that retains its properties is called an ______.
The smallest particle of an element that retains its properties is called an ______.
Chromatography is used to separate different ______ in their liquid constituent ink.
Chromatography is used to separate different ______ in their liquid constituent ink.
______ are generally good conductors of heat and electricity.
______ are generally good conductors of heat and electricity.
In the chromatography process, the filter paper is hung with its lower end completely dipped in the ______.
In the chromatography process, the filter paper is hung with its lower end completely dipped in the ______.
A ______ is formed when atoms of the same or different elements combine.
A ______ is formed when atoms of the same or different elements combine.
Non-metals are known to be ______ conductors of heat and electricity.
Non-metals are known to be ______ conductors of heat and electricity.
A mixture that contains two distinct phases, such as oil and water, is referred to as ______.
A mixture that contains two distinct phases, such as oil and water, is referred to as ______.
A compound is a pure substance made up of two or more different elements combined chemically in a fixed ______.
A compound is a pure substance made up of two or more different elements combined chemically in a fixed ______.
Elements are classified mainly into metals, non-metals, metalloids, and noble ______.
Elements are classified mainly into metals, non-metals, metalloids, and noble ______.
The smallest particle of an element is called an ______.
The smallest particle of an element is called an ______.
In a mixture, components retain their original ______.
In a mixture, components retain their original ______.
Iron cannot be separated from iron sulfide by ______ means.
Iron cannot be separated from iron sulfide by ______ means.
A mixture formed by combining two or more elements or compounds is known as a ______.
A mixture formed by combining two or more elements or compounds is known as a ______.
The process of separating a soluble solid from a liquid is called ______.
The process of separating a soluble solid from a liquid is called ______.
Potassium nitrate is more soluble than potassium chlorate, so it remains in the ______ after cooling.
Potassium nitrate is more soluble than potassium chlorate, so it remains in the ______ after cooling.
Solvent extraction can separate elements based on their ______ in a specific solvent.
Solvent extraction can separate elements based on their ______ in a specific solvent.
The process of separating two immiscible liquids with different densities uses a ______.
The process of separating two immiscible liquids with different densities uses a ______.
Chromatography separates components based on their different rates of ______ through a medium.
Chromatography separates components based on their different rates of ______ through a medium.
Filtration is effective in separating an insoluble solid from a ______.
Filtration is effective in separating an insoluble solid from a ______.
A pure substance made of only one kind of atom is called an ______.
A pure substance made of only one kind of atom is called an ______.
A gas-gas mixture containing two gases with different densities can be separated by ______.
A gas-gas mixture containing two gases with different densities can be separated by ______.
When elements combine to form a compound, they do not ______ retain their original properties.
When elements combine to form a compound, they do not ______ retain their original properties.
An element is a pure substance made up of one kind of ______ only.
An element is a pure substance made up of one kind of ______ only.
A ______ is formed by the combination of two or more different elements.
A ______ is formed by the combination of two or more different elements.
The smallest particle of an element that retains its properties is called an ______.
The smallest particle of an element that retains its properties is called an ______.
Metals are known for having a high ______ and boiling point.
Metals are known for having a high ______ and boiling point.
A mixture that has a uniform composition is called a ______ mixture.
A mixture that has a uniform composition is called a ______ mixture.
The positively charged particles located in the nucleus of an atom are called ______.
The positively charged particles located in the nucleus of an atom are called ______.
Non-metals are typically ______ conductors of heat and electricity.
Non-metals are typically ______ conductors of heat and electricity.
Elements like helium and neon are classified as ______ gases.
Elements like helium and neon are classified as ______ gases.
The process of separating carbon tetrachloride from water involves using a ______.
The process of separating carbon tetrachloride from water involves using a ______.
In fractional distillation, the higher boiling point liquid ______ remains in the flask after condensation.
In fractional distillation, the higher boiling point liquid ______ remains in the flask after condensation.
Chromatography is used to separate different ______ in liquid ink.
Chromatography is used to separate different ______ in liquid ink.
The lower boiling point liquid ______ collects in the receiver after condensation in fractional distillation.
The lower boiling point liquid ______ collects in the receiver after condensation in fractional distillation.
After evaporation of the lead nitrate solution, ______ remains in the flask.
After evaporation of the lead nitrate solution, ______ remains in the flask.
A compound is a pure substance made up of two or more different ______ combined chemically.
A compound is a pure substance made up of two or more different ______ combined chemically.
The smallest particle of an element which may exist on its own is called an ______.
The smallest particle of an element which may exist on its own is called an ______.
Compounds do not retain their original ______ when formed.
Compounds do not retain their original ______ when formed.
A mixture retains the original properties of its ______.
A mixture retains the original properties of its ______.
Iron cannot be separated from the compound iron ______ by physical means.
Iron cannot be separated from the compound iron ______ by physical means.
Zinc is considered an ______ as it is made up of one kind of atom only.
Zinc is considered an ______ as it is made up of one kind of atom only.
A mixture is considered an impure substance formed by the combination of two or more ______.
A mixture is considered an impure substance formed by the combination of two or more ______.
Filtration can be used to separate an insoluble solid from a ______-liquid mixture.
Filtration can be used to separate an insoluble solid from a ______-liquid mixture.
Compounds have a definite ______ of their components.
Compounds have a definite ______ of their components.
Magnetic ______ can be used to separate iron from a mixture of iron and copper.
Magnetic ______ can be used to separate iron from a mixture of iron and copper.
Evaporation can be used to separate a ______ component from a liquid.
Evaporation can be used to separate a ______ component from a liquid.
The process of ______ can be used to purify solid mixtures by separating dissolved solids from a solution.
The process of ______ can be used to purify solid mixtures by separating dissolved solids from a solution.
Fractional distillation is useful for separating two miscible liquids with different ______ points.
Fractional distillation is useful for separating two miscible liquids with different ______ points.
Chromatography can be used to separate a mixture of different solid ______ in a liquid.
Chromatography can be used to separate a mixture of different solid ______ in a liquid.
Two solid mixtures where one dissolves in a solvent can be separated using ______ extraction.
Two solid mixtures where one dissolves in a solvent can be separated using ______ extraction.
An atom is the smallest unit of a compound.
An atom is the smallest unit of a compound.
Metals are typically good conductors of heat and electricity.
Metals are typically good conductors of heat and electricity.
Non-metals do not have lustre and are typically non-ductile.
Non-metals do not have lustre and are typically non-ductile.
Diatomic molecules are made up of three or more atoms of the same element.
Diatomic molecules are made up of three or more atoms of the same element.
A mixture can be broken down into its components by physical means.
A mixture can be broken down into its components by physical means.
Noble gases are classified as non-metals.
Noble gases are classified as non-metals.
Iron and sulphur combine to form a compound without changing their individual properties.
Iron and sulphur combine to form a compound without changing their individual properties.
Mercury is a metal that is solid at room temperature.
Mercury is a metal that is solid at room temperature.
After evaporating the lead nitrate solution, soluble lead nitrate remains in the flask.
After evaporating the lead nitrate solution, soluble lead nitrate remains in the flask.
Water is the heavier component when separating carbon tetrachloride from water in a separating funnel.
Water is the heavier component when separating carbon tetrachloride from water in a separating funnel.
In fractional distillation, the liquid with the higher boiling point remains in the distillation flask after condensation.
In fractional distillation, the liquid with the higher boiling point remains in the distillation flask after condensation.
Chromatography can be used to separate different dyes from a solid ink spot.
Chromatography can be used to separate different dyes from a solid ink spot.
The temperature of benzene is lower than that of toluene during fractional distillation.
The temperature of benzene is lower than that of toluene during fractional distillation.
A compound is a pure substance made up of two or more different elements combined chemically.
A compound is a pure substance made up of two or more different elements combined chemically.
Elements are composed of more than one kind of atom.
Elements are composed of more than one kind of atom.
Water is an example of a compound.
Water is an example of a compound.
Mixtures retain the original properties of their components.
Mixtures retain the original properties of their components.
The smallest particle of an element that retains its properties is called a compound.
The smallest particle of an element that retains its properties is called a compound.
Iron cannot be separated from iron sulfide by physical means.
Iron cannot be separated from iron sulfide by physical means.
Filtration can be used to separate soluble solids from liquids.
Filtration can be used to separate soluble solids from liquids.
Sublimation can be used to separate potassium chloride from ammonium chloride.
Sublimation can be used to separate potassium chloride from ammonium chloride.
A mixture involves substances that are combined in fixed proportions.
A mixture involves substances that are combined in fixed proportions.
Centrifugation is used to separate mixtures based on density differences.
Centrifugation is used to separate mixtures based on density differences.
Lead nitrate is an example of an element.
Lead nitrate is an example of an element.
Ammonium chloride can be separated from a mixture using magnetic separation.
Ammonium chloride can be separated from a mixture using magnetic separation.
Chromatography is a method used to separate gases from liquids.
Chromatography is a method used to separate gases from liquids.
Zinc sulfate is a pure substance made from two different elements.
Zinc sulfate is a pure substance made from two different elements.
A compound is formed by the combination of two or more different elements that cannot be broken down by chemical means.
A compound is formed by the combination of two or more different elements that cannot be broken down by chemical means.
Copper is an example of a non-metal.
Copper is an example of a non-metal.
Non-metals are generally good conductors of heat and electricity.
Non-metals are generally good conductors of heat and electricity.
Diatomic molecules consist of atoms of two different elements.
Diatomic molecules consist of atoms of two different elements.
After the evaporation process for lead nitrate, soluble lead nitrate remains in the flask.
After the evaporation process for lead nitrate, soluble lead nitrate remains in the flask.
Metals are typically malleable and can be beaten into sheets.
Metals are typically malleable and can be beaten into sheets.
Noble gases are classified as non-metals and have a lustrous appearance.
Noble gases are classified as non-metals and have a lustrous appearance.
In fractional distillation, the liquid with the higher boiling point, toluene, collects in the receiver after condensation.
In fractional distillation, the liquid with the higher boiling point, toluene, collects in the receiver after condensation.
Chromatography can effectively separate different dyes contained in ink.
Chromatography can effectively separate different dyes contained in ink.
Atoms are the smallest particles of chemical elements that may exist independently.
Atoms are the smallest particles of chemical elements that may exist independently.
A homogeneous mixture has a uniform composition throughout.
A homogeneous mixture has a uniform composition throughout.
The heavier component, carbon tetrachloride, remains in the separating funnel after the mixture has settled.
The heavier component, carbon tetrachloride, remains in the separating funnel after the mixture has settled.
A separating funnel can be used to separate two immiscible liquids only if their densities are the same.
A separating funnel can be used to separate two immiscible liquids only if their densities are the same.
Polyatomic molecules are made up of only one type of atom.
Polyatomic molecules are made up of only one type of atom.
A mixture retains the original properties of its components.
A mixture retains the original properties of its components.
The formula H₂O represents a compound that cannot be separated by physical means.
The formula H₂O represents a compound that cannot be separated by physical means.
All elements are composed of multiple types of atoms.
All elements are composed of multiple types of atoms.
Centrifugation is an effective method for separating the components of a homogeneous mixture.
Centrifugation is an effective method for separating the components of a homogeneous mixture.
Iron sulphide can be separated into iron and sulfur by physical means.
Iron sulphide can be separated into iron and sulfur by physical means.
Chromatography is used to separate solid substances in a liquid mixture.
Chromatography is used to separate solid substances in a liquid mixture.
Potassium nitrate is less soluble than potassium chlorate.
Potassium nitrate is less soluble than potassium chlorate.
A separating funnel is used to separate two liquids that are miscible.
A separating funnel is used to separate two liquids that are miscible.
Sublimation can be used to separate ammonium chloride from potassium chloride.
Sublimation can be used to separate ammonium chloride from potassium chloride.
Lead nitrate can be separated from water using filtration.
Lead nitrate can be separated from water using filtration.
Copper and zinc mixed together to form brass represent a compound.
Copper and zinc mixed together to form brass represent a compound.
Evaporation can be used to separate a soluble solid from a liquid solution.
Evaporation can be used to separate a soluble solid from a liquid solution.
The simplest form of matter that retains its properties is known as a compound.
The simplest form of matter that retains its properties is known as a compound.
What is the basic unit of matter that cannot be broken down into simpler substances?
What is the basic unit of matter that cannot be broken down into simpler substances?
What is the primary difference in boiling points between benzene and toluene that makes fractional distillation effective?
What is the primary difference in boiling points between benzene and toluene that makes fractional distillation effective?
What type of mixture has a uniform composition throughout?
What type of mixture has a uniform composition throughout?
How does a separating funnel work in the separation of carbon tetrachloride and water?
How does a separating funnel work in the separation of carbon tetrachloride and water?
What is the smallest particle of a substance that retains its chemical properties?
What is the smallest particle of a substance that retains its chemical properties?
What distinguishes compounds from mixtures in terms of composition?
What distinguishes compounds from mixtures in terms of composition?
In the chromatography process, what role does the solvent play?
In the chromatography process, what role does the solvent play?
What is an example of a diatomic molecule?
What is an example of a diatomic molecule?
What is the outcome after the evaporation and condensation process of lead nitrate?
What is the outcome after the evaporation and condensation process of lead nitrate?
What is the initial step in using fractional distillation to separate benzene and toluene?
What is the initial step in using fractional distillation to separate benzene and toluene?
Which type of elements are generally poor conductors of heat and electricity?
Which type of elements are generally poor conductors of heat and electricity?
What term describes a substance made of two or more different elements that are chemically bonded?
What term describes a substance made of two or more different elements that are chemically bonded?
What is the classification of elements like Sodium (Na) and Magnesium (Mg)?
What is the classification of elements like Sodium (Na) and Magnesium (Mg)?
What defines a compound in terms of its elements?
What defines a compound in terms of its elements?
How do the properties of substances change when they form a compound?
How do the properties of substances change when they form a compound?
What is one characteristic that distinguishes a mixture from a compound?
What is one characteristic that distinguishes a mixture from a compound?
What role do physical methods play in separating mixtures?
What role do physical methods play in separating mixtures?
What is the smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element?
What is the smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element?
Can a mixture of two solids be separated by sublimation? If yes, give an example.
Can a mixture of two solids be separated by sublimation? If yes, give an example.
What is the main process involved in fractional distillation?
What is the main process involved in fractional distillation?
Which method can be used to separate an insoluble solid from a liquid?
Which method can be used to separate an insoluble solid from a liquid?
How do compounds differ from mixtures in terms of their components?
How do compounds differ from mixtures in terms of their components?
What is an example of a compound and its chemical formula?
What is an example of a compound and its chemical formula?
What can be used to separate iron from a mixture of iron and copper?
What can be used to separate iron from a mixture of iron and copper?
What kind of substances can be classified under elements?
What kind of substances can be classified under elements?
How are the components of a compound typically separated?
How are the components of a compound typically separated?
In what ratio do hydrogen and oxygen combine to form water?
In what ratio do hydrogen and oxygen combine to form water?
What happens to sodium chloride when mixed with water?
What happens to sodium chloride when mixed with water?
What is the principle behind using a separating funnel to separate carbon tetrachloride and water?
What is the principle behind using a separating funnel to separate carbon tetrachloride and water?
Explain how fractional distillation differentiates between benzene and toluene.
Explain how fractional distillation differentiates between benzene and toluene.
Describe the chromatography process for separating dyes in ink.
Describe the chromatography process for separating dyes in ink.
What happens to the soluble lead nitrate after the evaporation and condensation process?
What happens to the soluble lead nitrate after the evaporation and condensation process?
How does the design of a fractionating column enhance the efficiency of fractional distillation?
How does the design of a fractionating column enhance the efficiency of fractional distillation?
What classification includes elements like sulfur and oxygen?
What classification includes elements like sulfur and oxygen?
Explain how a compound differs from a mixture.
Explain how a compound differs from a mixture.
What happens to the properties of elements when they form a compound?
What happens to the properties of elements when they form a compound?
Identify a characteristic that distinguishes metals from non-metals.
Identify a characteristic that distinguishes metals from non-metals.
Describe the atomic structure of an element.
Describe the atomic structure of an element.
What role do diatomic molecules play in defining elements?
What role do diatomic molecules play in defining elements?
How are homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures characterized?
How are homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures characterized?
Identify two properties of metals that highlight their usefulness in manufacturing.
Identify two properties of metals that highlight their usefulness in manufacturing.
What is the defining characteristic of a compound?
What is the defining characteristic of a compound?
Describe the difference between elements and compounds.
Describe the difference between elements and compounds.
What method can be used to separate insoluble solids from a liquid?
What method can be used to separate insoluble solids from a liquid?
How does a mixture differ in terms of components compared to a compound?
How does a mixture differ in terms of components compared to a compound?
What role does a solvent play in solvent extraction?
What role does a solvent play in solvent extraction?
In the context of separation techniques, what is sublimation?
In the context of separation techniques, what is sublimation?
What is fractional distillation primarily used for?
What is fractional distillation primarily used for?
What is the significance of fixed proportions in compounds?
What is the significance of fixed proportions in compounds?
How can a mixture of iron and copper be effectively separated?
How can a mixture of iron and copper be effectively separated?
What constitutes a polyatomic molecule?
What constitutes a polyatomic molecule?
How is chromatography used in separation processes?
How is chromatography used in separation processes?
What happens to the properties of elements when they form a compound?
What happens to the properties of elements when they form a compound?
What is the difference in separation methods between mixtures and compounds?
What is the difference in separation methods between mixtures and compounds?
Can compounds be separated into their elements by physical means?
Can compounds be separated into their elements by physical means?
What is an example of a heterogeneous mixture?
What is an example of a heterogeneous mixture?
Study Notes
Elements, Compounds, Mixtures
- Element: A pure substance composed of only one type of atom, cannot be broken down into simpler substances.
- Examples: iron, hydrogen, oxygen
- Classified into metals, non-metals, metalloids, and noble gases
- Compound: A pure substance formed by chemically combining two or more different elements in a fixed proportion.
- Examples: water (H₂O), iron sulphide
- Components cannot be separated by physical means, only chemical means.
- Mixture: An impure substance formed by mechanically mixing two or more elements, compounds, or both.
- Components can be present in any proportion.
- Components retain their original properties.
- Examples: air, oil and water, brass (copper and zinc).
Atom
- Atom: The smallest particle of an element that may or may not exist independently.
- Contains a nucleus and orbiting electrons.
- Nucleus: protons (positively charged), neutrons (no charge).
- Orbiting electrons: negatively charged particles.
- Contains a nucleus and orbiting electrons.
Properties of Metals
- Lustrous: Shine
- High Melting & Boiling Points
- High Density
- Malleable: Can be beaten into sheets.
- Ductile: Can be drawn into wires.
- Good Conductors: Of heat and electricity.
- Monoatomic: Composed of one type of atom (e.g., Na, Mg).
Properties of Non-Metals
- Not Lustrous: No shine.
- Low Melting & Boiling Points
- Low Density
- Non-Malleable: Cannot be beaten into sheets.
- Non-Ductile: Cannot be drawn into wires.
- Poor Conductors: Of heat and electricity.
- Mono or Diatomic: Composed of one or two types of atoms (e.g., H₂, O₂).
Exceptions
- Mercury: Liquid at room temperature.
- Zinc: Non-malleable beyond certain temperatures.
- Iodine: Can be lustrous.
Molecule
- Molecule: The smallest particle of a substance that can normally exist independently and retain the physical and chemical properties of the substance.
Types of Molecules Based on Elements
- Monoatomic Molecules: Made up of single atoms.
- The single atom retains all the properties of the chemical substance.
- Examples: Noble gases (He, Ne, Ar), metals (Na, Mg)
- Diatomic Molecules: Made up of two atoms of the same type.
- Examples: Hydrogen (H₂), Oxygen (O₂), Nitrogen (N₂)
- Polyatomic Molecules: Made up of more than two atoms of the same type.
- Examples: Oxygen (O₃), Phosphorus (P₄)
Types of Separation Techniques
- Sublimation: Separates two solid mixtures where one solid directly changes into vapor on heating.
- Example: Separating ammonium chloride from a mixture of ammonium chloride and potassium chloride.
- Solvent Extraction: Separates two solid mixtures where one solid dissolves in a specific solvent and the other does not.
- Example: Separating sulphur from a mixture of sulphur and copper using carbon disulphide.
- Filtration: Separates an insoluble solid from a solid-liquid mixture.
- Example: Separating insoluble lead carbonate from a mixture of lead carbonate and water.
- Evaporation: Separates a soluble solid from a solid-liquid mixture.
- Example: Separating lead nitrate from a mixture of lead nitrate and water.
- Separating Funnel: Separates two immiscible liquids with different densities.
- Example: Separating carbon tetrachloride from a mixture of carbon tetrachloride and water.
- Fractional Distillation: Separates two miscible liquids with different boiling points.
- Example: Separating benzene from a mixture of benzene and toluene.
- Boiling: Separates a gas dissolved in a liquid.
- Diffusion: Separates two gases with different densities.
- Chromatography: Separates different solid constituents in a liquid constituent.
- Example: Separating different dyes in ink.
- Centrifugation: Separates an insoluble heavier solid from a solid-liquid mixture.
- The heavier component migrates away from the axis of the centrifuge, and the lighter component migrates towards the axis.
Key Examples
- Brass and bronze: Mixtures because their components are mixed mechanically and retain their original properties.
- Copper sulphate and lead nitrate: Compounds because their components are combined chemically in fixed proportions and do not retain their original properties.
- Zinc: Element: made up of only one type of atom.
- Zinc sulphide: Compound: made of two elements (zinc and sulphur) combined in a fixed proportion.
Elements
- Pure substances
- Made of only one kind of atom
- Cannot be broken down into simpler substances
- Classified into metals, nonmetals, metalloids, and noble gases
- Examples: sulfur, iron
Compounds
- Pure substances
- Formed by the chemical combination of two or more different elements in a fixed ratio
- Can be broken down into its constituent elements by chemical means
- Examples: iron sulfide, water (H₂O)
Mixtures
- Impure substances
- Formed by the physical combination of two or more substances (elements, compounds, or both)
- Components can be separated by physical means
- Examples: air, oil and water
- Types: homogeneous (uniform throughout) and heterogeneous (non-uniform)
Atoms
- The smallest particle of an element that may or may not exist independently
- Composed of a nucleus and orbiting electrons
- Nucleus contains protons (positively charged) and neutrons (no charge)
- Electrons are negatively charged particles
Molecules
- Formed by the combination of atoms, either of the same element or different elements
- The smallest particle of a substance that can exist independently and retain the physical and chemical properties of the substance
Types of Molecules
- Monoatomic: made up of a single atom (e.g., metals: Na, Mg; noble gases: He, Ne, Ar)
- Diatomic: made up of two atoms (e.g., H₂, O₂, N₂)
- Polyatomic: made up of more than two atoms (e.g., O₃, P₄)
Metals
- Properties: lustrous, high melting and boiling points, high density, malleable (can be beaten into sheets), ductile (can be drawn into wires), good conductors of heat and electricity
- Examples: Iron, copper, gold
Non-Metals
- Properties: lack luster, low melting and boiling points, low density, non-malleable, non-ductile, poor conductors of heat and electricity
- Examples: Sulfur, oxygen, chlorine
Metalloids
- Elements that exhibit properties of both metals and non-metals
- Examples: Silicon, germanium
Separation Techniques
- Sublimation: separates a solid that directly changes into vapor on heating (e.g., separating ammonium chloride from a mixture with potassium chloride)
- Solvent Extraction: separates a solid that dissolves in a specific solvent (e.g., separating sulfur from a mixture with copper using carbon disulfide)
- Filtration: separates an insoluble solid from a liquid (e.g., separating lead carbonate from water)
- Evaporation: separates a soluble solid from a liquid by evaporating the liquid (e.g., separating salt from water)
- Separating Funnel: separates two immiscible liquids with different densities (e.g., separating carbon tetrachloride from water)
- Fractional Distillation: separates two miscible liquids with different boiling points (e.g., separating benzene from toluene)
- Boiling: separates a gas dissolved in a liquid by boiling the liquid (e.g., removing dissolved air from water)
- Diffusion: separates two gases with different densities (e.g., separating oxygen and nitrogen in the air)
- Chromatography: separates different components of a mixture based on their different affinities for a stationary and mobile phase (e.g., separating dyes in ink)
Centrifugation
- Used to separate an insoluble heavier solid from a liquid (e.g., separating red blood cells from plasma)
Key Distinction
- Mixtures: components mixed mechanically, retain original properties, separated by physical methods
- Compounds: components combined chemically in a fixed ratio, lose original properties, separated by chemical methods
Examples
- Mixtures: Brass (copper and zinc), bronze (copper and tin)
- Compounds: Copper sulfate, lead nitrate
Key Points to Remember
- Elements: pure substances made of one type of atom
- Compounds: pure substances formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements
- Mixtures: impure substances formed by the physical combination of substances
- Atoms: the smallest unit of an element
- Molecules: formed by the combination of atoms
- Separation techniques: used to separate different components of a mixture based on their different physical properties.
Elements
- Pure substances made up of one kind of atom
- Cannot be broken down into simpler substances
- Classified into metals, non-metals, metalloids, and noble gases
Compounds
- Pure substances formed by combining two or more different elements chemically in a fixed proportion.
- Can be broken down into their elements by chemical means
- Components in a compound are in a definite proportion
- Particles in a compound are of one kind
- Compounds have a definite set of properties
Mixtures
- Impure substances formed by combining two or more elements, compounds, or both.
- Substances are mechanically mixed in any proportion
- Components retain their original properties
- Components can be separated by physical methods
Atoms
- The smallest particle of an element
- May or may not exist on its own
- Divisible into the nucleus and electrons
- Nucleus contains protons and neutrons
Molecules
- Formed when atoms of the same element or different elements combine
- The smallest particle of a substance that can exist independently and retain its physical and chemical properties
- Can be monoatomic, diatomic, or polyatomic
Metals
- Have luster (shine)
- High melting and boiling points
- High density
- Malleable (can be beaten into sheets)
- Ductile (can be drawn into wires)
- Good conductors of heat and electricity
- Monoatomic (one type of atom)
Non-metals
- Do not have luster (shine)
- Low melting and boiling points
- Low density
- Non-malleable (cannot be beaten into sheets)
- Non-ductile (cannot be drawn into wires)
- Poor conductors of heat and electricity
- Monoatomic or diatomic (one or two types of atoms)
Methods of Separation
- Sublimation: Separating a solid that directly changes into vapor on heating (e.g., ammonium chloride from a mixture with potassium chloride).
- Solvent Extraction: Separating a solid that dissolves in a specific solvent (e.g., sulfur from a mixture with copper using carbon disulphide).
- Filtration: Separating insoluble solids from liquids (e.g., lead carbonate from a mixture with water).
- Evaporation: Separating soluble solids from liquid solutions (e.g., lead nitrate from a mixture with water).
- Separating Funnel: Separating two immiscible liquids with different densities (e.g., carbon tetrachloride from a mixture with water).
- Fractional Distillation: Separating two miscible liquids with different boiling points (e.g., benzene from a mixture with toluene).
- Boiling: Separating gases dissolved in liquids (e.g., removing dissolved gases from water).
- Diffusion: Separating gases with different densities.
- Chromatography: Separating different components of a mixture based on their different rates of movement through a stationary phase (e.g., separating dyes in ink).
Examples
- Brass and bronze: Mixtures because components are mixed mechanically and retain their original properties.
- Copper sulphate and lead nitrate: Compounds because components are combined chemically in fixed proportions and do not retain their original properties.
- Zinc: Element because made up of one kind of atom.
- Zinc sulphide: Compound because made up of two elements (zinc and sulphur) combined in a fixed proportion.
Additional Notes
- Centrifugation: Used for separating an insoluble heavier solid from a solid-liquid mixture.
- Moistening the filter paper: This makes the filter paper stick to the funnel during filtration.
- Magnetic separation: Used to separate magnetic materials from non-magnetic ones (e.g., iron from a mixture with copper).
- Fractional crystallization: Used to separate two soluble solids with different solubilities (e.g., potassium nitrate from a mixture with potassium chlorate).
Elements
- A pure substance made up of only one type of atom.
- Cannot be broken down into simpler substances.
- Classified into metals, non-metals, metalloids, and noble gases.
- Examples: sulfur, iron, hydrogen, oxygen.
Compounds
- A pure substance formed by chemically combining two or more different elements in a fixed proportion.
- Can only be broken down into its elements by chemical means.
- Components do not retain their original properties.
- Examples: water (H₂O), iron sulfide.
Mixtures
- An impure substance formed by mechanically combining two or more elements, compounds, or both in any proportion.
- Components retain their original properties.
- Can be separated by physical methods.
- Examples: air, oil and water, brass.
Atoms
- The smallest particle of an element that may or may not exist independently.
- Composed of a nucleus containing positively charged protons and neutral neutrons, surrounded by negatively charged electrons.
Metals
- Have luster (shine).
- High melting and boiling points.
- High density.
- Malleable (can be beaten into sheets).
- Ductile (can be drawn into wires).
- Good conductors of heat and electricity.
- Monoatomic (one type of atom).
- Exception: Mercury is liquid at room temperature.
Non-metals
- Lack luster.
- Low melting and boiling points.
- Low density.
- Non-malleable.
- Non-ductile.
- Poor conductors of heat and electricity.
- Mono- or diatomic (one or two types of atoms).
- Exception: Iodine is lustrous.
Molecules
- The smallest particle of a substance that can normally exist independently and retain the physical and chemical properties of the substance.
- Formed by atoms of the same element or different elements combining.
Monoatomic Molecules
- Elements made up of single atoms.
- The single atom retains all the properties of the chemical substance.
- Examples: metals (Na, Mg), noble gases (He, Ne, Ar).
Diatomic Molecules
- Elements made up of two atoms of the same type.
- Examples: H₂, O₂, N₂.
Polyatomic Molecules
- Elements made up of more than two atoms of the same type.
- Examples: O₃, P₄.
Characteristics of Compounds
- Components are in a definite proportion.
- Particles in a compound are of one kind.
- Compounds have a definite set of properties.
- Elements in the compound do not retain their original properties.
- Components in a compound can be separated only by chemical means.
Methods of Separation
- Sublimation: Separating a solid that directly changes into vapor on heating from another solid. Example: Ammonium chloride from a mixture of ammonium chloride and potassium chloride.
- Solvent Extraction: Separating a solid that dissolves in a particular solvent from another solid that doesn't. Example: Sulphur from a mixture of sulfur and copper using carbon disulphide.
- Filtration: Separating an insoluble solid from a liquid mixture. Example: Lead carbonate from a mixture of lead carbonate and water.
- Evaporation: Separating a soluble solid from a liquid mixture. Example: Lead nitrate from a mixture of lead nitrate and water (lead nitrate solution).
- Separating Funnel: Separating two immiscible liquids with different densities. Example: Carbon tetrachloride from a mixture of carbon tetrachloride and water.
- Fractional Distillation: Separating two miscible liquids with different boiling points. Example: Benzene from a mixture of benzene and toluene.
- Boiling: Separating a gas dissolved in a liquid. Example: Gas from a liquid-gas mixture.
- Diffusion: Separating two gases with different densities. Example: Separating a gas-gas mixture.
- Chromatography: Separating different constituents in a liquid mixture. Example: Separating different dyes in ink.
- Centrifugation: Separating insoluble solids from a liquid mixture. Example: Separating heavier solid from lighter solid in an insoluble solid-liquid mixture.
Examples of Mixtures and Compounds
- Brass and bronze are examples of mixtures because the components are mixed mechanically, and they retain their original properties.
- Copper sulphate and lead nitrate are examples of compounds, as the components are combined chemically in fixed proportions and they do not retain their original properties.
- Zinc is considered an element because it is made up of one kind of atom only.
- Zinc sulphide is considered a compound because it is made up of two elements (zinc and sulfur) combined in a fixed proportion.
Elements
- A pure substance
- The basic unit of matter
- Made up of only one type of atom
- Cannot be broken down into simpler substances
- Classified into metals, non-metals, metalloids, and noble gases
Compounds
- A pure substance
- Formed by the chemical combination of two or more different elements
- Combined in a fixed proportion
- Can be broken down into its elements by chemical means
Mixtures
- An impure substance
- Combination of two or more elements, compounds, or both
- Substances are mechanically mixed in any proportion
Atoms
- The smallest particle of an element that may or may not exist on its own
- Contains a nucleus, which in turn contains protons (positively charged) and neutrons (no charge)
- Surrounded by orbits where electrons (negatively charged) revolve around the nucleus
Metals
- Have luster (shine)
- High melting and boiling points
- High density
- Malleable (can be beaten into sheets)
- Ductile (can be drawn into wires)
- Good conductors of heat and electricity
- Monoatomic (one type of atom)
Non-metals
- Do not have luster
- Low melting and boiling points
- Low density
- Non-malleable (cannot be beaten into sheets)
- Non-ductile (cannot be drawn into wires)
- Poor conductors of heat and electricity
- Monoatomic or Diatomic (one or two types of atoms)
Molecules
- Formed when atoms of the same element or different elements combine
- The smallest particle of a substance that can exist independently and retain its physical and chemical properties
Molecules formed from the same element
- Monoatomic molecules: Made up of single atoms. The single atom retains all the properties of the chemical substance. Examples: Metals like Na, Mg; Noble gases like Helium (He), Neon (Ne), Argon (Ar).
- Diatomic molecules: Made up of two atoms of the same type. Examples: H₂, O₂, N₂
- Polyatomic molecules: Made up of more than two atoms of the same type. Examples: O₃, P₄
Compounds
- A pure substance made up of two or more different elements
- Combined chemically in a fixed proportion
Characteristics of Compounds
- Components are in a definite proportion
- Particles are of one kind
- Have a definite set of properties
- Components do not retain their original properties
- Can be separated by chemical means only
Separation Methods
- Sublimation: Separates two solid mixtures, where one changes directly into vapor on heating.
- Solvent Extraction: Separates two solid mixtures where one dissolves in a particular solvent and the other does not.
- Filtration: Separates a solid-liquid mixture containing an insoluble solid in the liquid component.
- Evaporation: Separates a solid-liquid mixture containing a soluble solid in the liquid component.
- Separating Funnel: Separates two immiscible liquids with different densities.
- Fractional Distillation: Separates two miscible liquids with different boiling points.
- Boiling: Separates a liquid-gas mixture containing a gas dissolved in a liquid.
- Diffusion: Separates a gas-gas mixture containing two gases with different densities.
- Chromatography: Separates different solid constituents in a liquid constituent.
Centrifugation
- Used to separate an insoluble heavier solid from a solid-liquid mixture.
- The denser component migrates away from the axis of the centrifuge.
- The less dense component migrates towards the axis.
Examples of Mixtures and Compounds
- Brass and bronze: Examples of mixtures, as components are mixed mechanically, and retain their original properties.
- Copper sulfate and lead nitrate: Examples of compounds, as components are combined chemically in fixed proportions and do not retain their original properties.
- Zinc: An element, as it is made up of only one type of atom.
- Zinc sulfide: A compound, as it is made up of two elements (zinc and sulfur) combined in a fixed proportion.
Specific Separation Method Examples
- Sublimation: Can be used to separate ammonium chloride from a mixture of ammonium chloride and potassium chloride.
- Magnetic Separation: Can be used to separate iron from a mixture of iron and copper.
- Solvent Extraction: Can be used to separate sulfur from a mixture of sulfur and copper.
- Fractional Crystallization: Can be used to separate potassium nitrate from a mixture of potassium nitrate and potassium chlorate.
- Filtration: Can be used to separate insoluble lead carbonate from a mixture of lead carbonate and water.
- Distillation: Can be used to separate lead nitrate from a mixture of lead nitrate and water (lead nitrate solution).
- Separating Funnel: Can be used to separate carbon tetrachloride from a mixture of carbon tetrachloride and water.
- Fractional Distillation: Can be used to separate benzene from a mixture of benzene and toluene.
- Chromatography: Can be used to separate different dyes in ink.
Elements
- Pure substances
- Building block of matter
- Composed of only one type of atom
- Classified as metals, non-metals, metalloids, and noble gases
- Cannot be broken down into simpler substances
Compounds
- Pure substances
- Formed by the chemical combination of two or more different elements
- Elements are combined in a fixed proportion
- Can be broken down into its elements by chemical means
Mixtures
- Impure substances
- Formed by the combination of two or more different elements, compounds, or both
- Substances are mixed mechanically in any proportion
- Can be separated by physical means
Atoms
- Smallest particle of an element that may or may not exist independently
- Contains a nucleus and orbits
- Nucleus contains protons (positively charged) and neutrons (no charge)
- Orbits contain electrons (negatively charged)
Metals
- Shiny (have luster)
- High melting and boiling points
- High density
- Malleable (can be beaten into sheets)
- Ductile (can be drawn into wires)
- Good conductors of heat and electricity
- Monoatomic (single type of atoms)
Non-metals
- Do not have luster
- Low melting and boiling points
- Low density
- Non-malleable (cannot be beaten into sheets)
- Non-ductile (cannot be drawn into wires)
- Poor conductors of heat and electricity
- Monoatomic or diatomic (one or two types of atoms)
Molecules
- Formed by the combination of atoms of the same element or different elements
- Smallest particle of a substance that can normally exist independently and retain the physical and chemical properties of the substance
Monoatomic molecules
- Composed of single atoms
- The single atom retains all properties of a chemical substance
- Example: metals (Na, Mg), noble gases (He, Ne, Ar)
Diatomic molecules
- Composed of two atoms of the same element
- Examples: H2, O2, N2
Polyatomic molecules
- Composed of three or more atoms of the same element
- Examples: O3, P4
Compounds
- Pure substances formed by the chemical combination of two or more different elements in a fixed proportion
- Example: water (H2O), where two hydrogen atoms combine with one oxygen atom
Characteristics of Compounds
- Components are in a definite proportion
- Particles are of one kind
- Have a definite set of properties
- Components do not retain their original properties
Separation Techniques
- Sublimation: Separates two solid mixtures where one directly changes to vapor on heating (e.g., ammonium chloride from potassium chloride)
- Solvent Extraction: Separates two solid mixtures where one dissolves in a specific solvent and the other does not (e.g., sulfur from copper)
- Filtration: Separates a solid-liquid mixture containing an insoluble solid (e.g., lead carbonate from water)
- Evaporation: Separates a solid-liquid mixture containing a soluble solid (e.g., lead nitrate from water)
- Separating Funnel: Separates two immiscible liquids with different densities (e.g., carbon tetrachloride from water)
- Fractional Distillation: Separates two miscible liquids with different boiling points (e.g., benzene from toluene)
- Boiling: Separates a liquid-gas mixture containing a gas dissolved in liquid (e.g., removing dissolved gases from water)
- Diffusion: Separates a gas-gas mixture with different densities
- Chromatography: Separates different solid constituents in a liquid constituent (e.g., separating dyes in ink)
Key Examples
- Brass and bronze are mixtures because their components are mixed mechanically and retain their original properties.
- Copper sulfate and lead nitrate are compounds because their components combine chemically in fixed proportions and do not retain their original properties.
- Zinc is an element because it is made up of only one type of atom, while zinc sulfide is a compound because it is made up of two elements (zinc and sulfur) combined in a fixed proportion.
Centrifugation
- Separates an insoluble heavier solid from a solid-liquid mixture
- More dense component migrates away from the axis of the centrifuge
- Less dense component migrates towards the axis of the centrifuge
Magnetic Separation
- Separates magnetic materials (e.g., iron) from non-magnetic materials (e.g., copper)
- A magnet attracts the magnetic material, leaving the non-magnetic material behind
Elements
- Pure substances made of one type of atom.
- Cannot be broken down into simpler substances.
- Classified into metals, non-metals, metalloids, and noble gases.
Compounds
- Pure substances formed by the chemical combination of two or more different elements in a fixed ratio.
- Can be broken down into their constituent elements by chemical means.
- Have different properties than their constituent elements.
Mixtures
- Impure substances formed by the physical combination of two or more substances in any proportion.
- Components retain their original properties.
- Can be separated by physical means.
Types of Mixtures
- Homogeneous: Uniform composition throughout. Example: air
- Heterogeneous: Non-uniform composition. Example: oil and water
Atoms
- Smallest particle of an element that may or may not exist independently.
- Composed of:
- Nucleus: Contains protons (positively charged) and neutrons (no charge).
- Electron cloud: Contains electrons (negatively charged) that revolve around the nucleus.
Metals
- Have luster (shine).
- High melting and boiling points.
- High density.
- Malleable (can be beaten into sheets).
- Ductile (can be drawn into wires).
- Good conductors of heat and electricity.
- Monoatomic (made up of single atoms).
Non-Metals
- Lack luster.
- Low melting and boiling points.
- Low density.
- Non-malleable.
- Non-ductile.
- Poor conductors of heat and electricity.
- Monoatomic or diatomic (made up of one or two atoms).
Exceptions
- Mercury is liquid at room temperature.
- Zinc is non-malleable at high temperatures.
- Iodine is lustrous.
Molecules
- Formed when atoms of the same or different elements combine.
- Smallest particle of a substance that can exist independently and retains the physical and chemical properties of the substance.
Types of Molecules
- Monoatomic: Made up of single atoms. Examples: metals like Na, Mg; noble gases like Helium (He), Neon (Ne), Argon (Ar).
- Diatomic: Made up of two atoms. Examples: H2, O2, N2.
- Polyatomic: Made up of more than two atoms. Examples: O3, P4.
Separation Methods
- Sublimation: Separating a solid that directly changes into vapor on heating from other solid mixtures. Example: separating ammonium chloride from a mixture of ammonium chloride and potassium chloride.
- Solvent Extraction: Separating a solid that dissolves in a specific solvent from other solid mixtures. Example: separating sulfur from a mixture of sulfur and copper using carbon disulphide.
- Filtration: Separating an insoluble solid from a solid-liquid mixture. Example: separating insoluble lead carbonate from a mixture of lead carbonate and water.
- Evaporation: Separating a soluble solid from a solid-liquid mixture by evaporating the liquid. Example: separating lead nitrate from a mixture of lead nitrate and water.
- Separating Funnel: Separating two immiscible liquids with different densities. Example: separating carbon tetrachloride from a mixture of carbon tetrachloride and water.
- Fractional Distillation: Separating two miscible liquids with different boiling points by gradually increasing the temperature to evaporate the liquid with the lower boiling point first. Example: separating benzene from a mixture of benzene and toluene.
- Boiling: Separating a gas dissolved in a liquid by boiling the mixture. Example: separating dissolved gases from a liquid.
- Diffusion: Separating two gases with different densities by allowing them to diffuse through a membrane. Example: separating gases with different diffusion rates.
- Chromatography: Separating different constituents in a liquid by using a stationary phase and a mobile phase. Example: separating different dyes in ink.
- Centrifugation: Separating an insoluble heavier solid present in an insoluble solid-liquid mixture. The heavier component migrates away from the axis of the centrifuge, while the lighter component migrates towards the axis.
Examples of Compounds and Mixtures
- Compounds: Copper sulphate (CuSO4), lead nitrate (Pb(NO3)2).
- Mixtures: Brass (copper and zinc), bronze (copper and tin).
Elements
- Pure substances made up of one kind of atom
- Cannot be broken down into simpler substances
- Classified into metals, non-metals, metalloids and noble gases
Compounds
- Pure substances formed by the chemical combination of two or more different elements
- Elements are combined in a fixed proportion
- Can be broken down into its elements by chemical means
Mixtures
- Impure substances formed by the combination of two or more elements, compounds, or both
- Substances are mechanically mixed in any proportion
- Components retain their original properties
- Can be separated by physical means
Atoms
- Smallest particle of an element
- May or may not exist on its own
- Further divisible into the nucleus and orbiting electrons
Nucleus
- Center of the atom
- Contains protons (positively charged) and neutrons (no charge)
Electrons
- Negatively charged particles
- Orbit the nucleus
Metals
- Have luster
- High melting and boiling points
- High density
- Malleable (can be beaten into sheets)
- Ductile (can be drawn into wires)
- Good conductors of heat and electricity
Non-metals
- Do not have luster
- Low melting and boiling points
- Low density
- Non-malleable
- Non-ductile
- Poor conductors of heat and electricity
Metalloids
- Properties of both metals and non-metals
Molecules
- Smallest particle of a substance that can exist independently
- Retains the physical and chemical properties of the substance
Monoatomic Molecules
- Made up of single atoms
- The single atom retains all the properties of a chemical substance
- Examples: Metals (Na, Mg), Noble gases (He, Ne, Ar)
Diatomic Molecules
- Made up of two atoms of the same type
- Examples: H2, O2, N2
Polyatomic Molecules
- Made up of more than two atoms of the same type
- Examples: O3, P4
Compounds
- Pure substances made up of two or more different elements combined chemically in a fixed proportion
- Example: Water (H2O)
Characteristics of Compounds
- Components are in a definite proportion
- Particles are of one kind
- Have a definite set of properties
- Elements in the compound do not retain their original properties
- Components can be separated by chemical means only
- Example: Iron sulfide (FeS)
Separation Techniques
- Sublimation: Separating a solid that directly changes into vapor on heating (e.g., ammonium chloride from a mixture with potassium chloride)
- Solvent extraction: Separating a solid that dissolves in a particular solvent (e.g., sulfur from a mixture with copper)
- Filtration: Separating an insoluble solid from a liquid (e.g., lead carbonate from water)
- Evaporation: Separating a soluble solid from a liquid (e.g., lead nitrate from water)
- Separating funnel: Separating two immiscible liquids with different densities (e.g., carbon tetrachloride from water)
- Fractional distillation: Separating two miscible liquids with different boiling points (e.g., benzene from toluene)
- Boiling: Separating a gas dissolved in a liquid (e.g., dissolved gas from a liquid)
- Diffusion: Separating two gases with different densities
- Chromatography: Separating different components of a mixture based on their different affinities for a stationary phase and a mobile phase (e.g., separating dyes in ink)
Centrifugation
- Used for separating insoluble heavier solids from a mixture.
- The denser component moves away from the axis of the centrifuge, and the less dense component moves toward the axis.
Brass and Bronze
- Examples of mixtures as the components are mixed mechanically, and each retains its original properties.
Copper Sulfate and Lead Nitrate
- Examples of compounds because the components are combined chemically in fixed proportions, and they do not retain their original properties.
Zinc
- An element because it is made up of one kind of atom.
Zinc Sulfide
- A compound because it is made up of two elements (zinc and sulfur) combined in a fixed proportion.
Magnetic Separation
- Separating a magnetic solid (e.g., iron) from a mixture using a magnet.
Fractional Crystallization
- Separating two solids with different solubilities (e.g., potassium nitrate and potassium chlorate) by recrystallization based on solubility differences at different temperatures.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the fundamental concepts of elements, compounds, and mixtures. This quiz covers definitions, classifications, and examples to help you understand the basics of chemistry. Gain a deeper insight into the smallest units of matter and how they interact.
