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Questions and Answers
Greek philosophers believed that the universe was made up of four main elements – Earth, Air, Wind and, ______.
Greek philosophers believed that the universe was made up of four main elements – Earth, Air, Wind and, ______.
Fire
Robert Boyle provided the first accurate definition of an ______ in his book 'The Sceptical Chemist'.
Robert Boyle provided the first accurate definition of an ______ in his book 'The Sceptical Chemist'.
element
Humphry Davy discovered ______ by passing electricity through a compound of potassium.
Humphry Davy discovered ______ by passing electricity through a compound of potassium.
potassium
By 1800, approximately ______ elements had been discovered.
By 1800, approximately ______ elements had been discovered.
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Johann Dobereiner noticed that bromine had properties that were halfway between ______ and iodine.
Johann Dobereiner noticed that bromine had properties that were halfway between ______ and iodine.
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John Newland's Law of ______ states that elements' properties repeat every eight elements.
John Newland's Law of ______ states that elements' properties repeat every eight elements.
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Dmitri Mendeleev arranged elements in order of increasing atomic ______.
Dmitri Mendeleev arranged elements in order of increasing atomic ______.
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Mendeleev called his findings the ‘______ Law’ due to the periodic reoccurrence of properties.
Mendeleev called his findings the ‘______ Law’ due to the periodic reoccurrence of properties.
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A fine beam of ______ passes into the analyser unit.
A fine beam of ______ passes into the analyser unit.
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Positive ions are made to move in ______ paths using a magnetic field.
Positive ions are made to move in ______ paths using a magnetic field.
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The signal from the detector is amplified into an electric ______.
The signal from the detector is amplified into an electric ______.
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Potassium has 19 ______ and therefore, 19 electrons.
Potassium has 19 ______ and therefore, 19 electrons.
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Energy level 1 (n=1) can only hold ______ electrons.
Energy level 1 (n=1) can only hold ______ electrons.
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Mendeleev’s Periodic law states that when elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic weight, their properties recur ______.
Mendeleev’s Periodic law states that when elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic weight, their properties recur ______.
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Henry Mosely determined that the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom defines its ______.
Henry Mosely determined that the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom defines its ______.
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According to the Aufbau Principle, electrons occupy the lowest available ______ levels.
According to the Aufbau Principle, electrons occupy the lowest available ______ levels.
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In the modern periodic table, elements are arranged in order of increasing ______.
In the modern periodic table, elements are arranged in order of increasing ______.
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Calcium is element number 20 and contains 20 ______.
Calcium is element number 20 and contains 20 ______.
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The d sublevel can hold ______ electrons.
The d sublevel can hold ______ electrons.
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The mass number of an element is the sum of the number of protons and ______.
The mass number of an element is the sum of the number of protons and ______.
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The letter ‘Z’ is used to denote the ______ number of an element.
The letter ‘Z’ is used to denote the ______ number of an element.
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Sodium has 11 protons and 12 neutrons, making its mass number ______.
Sodium has 11 protons and 12 neutrons, making its mass number ______.
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Mendeleev left ______ in his periodic table for elements that had not yet been discovered.
Mendeleev left ______ in his periodic table for elements that had not yet been discovered.
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The modern periodic law describes how properties of elements recur periodically when arranged by increasing ______.
The modern periodic law describes how properties of elements recur periodically when arranged by increasing ______.
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Iodine has a lower relative atomic mass than ______.
Iodine has a lower relative atomic mass than ______.
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The 1869 periodic table did not include any noble ______.
The 1869 periodic table did not include any noble ______.
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Isotopes are atoms of the same element, with the same atomic number, which have different mass numbers due to the different number of ______ in the nucleus.
Isotopes are atoms of the same element, with the same atomic number, which have different mass numbers due to the different number of ______ in the nucleus.
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Modern periodic tables arrange elements in order of ______.
Modern periodic tables arrange elements in order of ______.
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The average mass of an atom of chlorine is ______.
The average mass of an atom of chlorine is ______.
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An atomic energy level refers to the fixed amount of ______ of an electron.
An atomic energy level refers to the fixed amount of ______ of an electron.
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Francis William Aston built an instrument called a ______ to measure the masses of atoms.
Francis William Aston built an instrument called a ______ to measure the masses of atoms.
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The evidence that supports the existence of atomic energy levels is the ______ spectrum.
The evidence that supports the existence of atomic energy levels is the ______ spectrum.
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A mass spectrometer is used to separate and identify ______, measure their relative abundances, and identify unknown compounds.
A mass spectrometer is used to separate and identify ______, measure their relative abundances, and identify unknown compounds.
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The electron configuration for a nickel atom in its ground state is ______.
The electron configuration for a nickel atom in its ground state is ______.
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The principle of mass spectrometry is that charged particles moving in a ______ are deflected to different extents according to their masses.
The principle of mass spectrometry is that charged particles moving in a ______ are deflected to different extents according to their masses.
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Relative atomic mass is expressed on a scale where carbon-12 has a mass of exactly ______ units.
Relative atomic mass is expressed on a scale where carbon-12 has a mass of exactly ______ units.
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The ______ describes how an electron can exhibit both particle-like and wave-like behavior.
The ______ describes how an electron can exhibit both particle-like and wave-like behavior.
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In the first step of mass spectrometry, a small amount of gas or liquid is injected into the sample inlet and ______ occurs.
In the first step of mass spectrometry, a small amount of gas or liquid is injected into the sample inlet and ______ occurs.
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Atoms and molecules are turned into ions using an electron gun in an ______ chamber.
Atoms and molecules are turned into ions using an electron gun in an ______ chamber.
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During ______, positive ions pass through negatively charged plates, accelerating the ions to high speeds.
During ______, positive ions pass through negatively charged plates, accelerating the ions to high speeds.
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Chromium (Cr) has 24 electrons and is written as: Cr = 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s1, 3d______
Chromium (Cr) has 24 electrons and is written as: Cr = 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s1, 3d______
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Copper (Cu) has 29 electrons and is written as: Cu = 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s______, 3d10
Copper (Cu) has 29 electrons and is written as: Cu = 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s______, 3d10
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An atom that has gained electrons becomes ______ charged.
An atom that has gained electrons becomes ______ charged.
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Aluminum is element number 13 and the Al3+ ion has a total of ______ electrons.
Aluminum is element number 13 and the Al3+ ion has a total of ______ electrons.
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The electronic configuration of the S2- ion is 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p______.
The electronic configuration of the S2- ion is 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p______.
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Hund's rule of Maximum Multiplicity states that when two or more orbitals of equal energy are available, the electrons occupy them ______ before filling them in pairs.
Hund's rule of Maximum Multiplicity states that when two or more orbitals of equal energy are available, the electrons occupy them ______ before filling them in pairs.
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The Pauli Exclusion Principle states that no more than ______ electrons may occupy an orbital.
The Pauli Exclusion Principle states that no more than ______ electrons may occupy an orbital.
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According to Mendeleev's periodic table, when elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic weight, their properties recur ______.
According to Mendeleev's periodic table, when elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic weight, their properties recur ______.
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Study Notes
Greek Philosophers
- Believed the universe was made of four elements: Earth, Air, Water, and Fire.
Robert Boyle
- First accurately defined an element.
- Described an element as a simple substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means.
- Definition: An element is a substance that cannot be split into simpler substances by chemical means.
Humphrey Davy
- Discovered potassium by passing electricity through a potassium compound.
- Also discovered sodium, calcium, barium, strontium, and magnesium using the same method.
Dobereiner's Triads
- Noticed patterns in the properties of elements.
- Definition: A triad is a group of three elements with similar chemical properties in which the atomic weight of the middle element is approximately equal to the average of the other two.
Newlands' Octaves
- Arranged known elements in order of atomic weights.
- Noticed that the properties of elements seemed to repeat every eighth element.
- Definition: Newland's octaves are arrangements of elements in which the first and eighth element (counting from a particular element) have similar properties.
Mendeleev
- Arranged elements in order of increasing atomic weight.
- Arranged similar elements in columns.
- Noticed periodic reoccurrence of properties.
- Definition: Mendeleev's Periodic law – When elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic weight (relative atomic mass), the properties of the elements recur periodically.
- Predicted properties of undiscovered elements.
- Left gaps for undiscovered elements.
- Re-ordered elements to fit into groups of similar properties.
Moseley's Atomic Number
- Studied frequencies of X-rays emitted by atoms.
- Determined the number of protons in an atom's nucleus.
- Definition: The atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus of that atom.
- Arranged elements in order of increasing atomic number.
- Modern periodic law - When elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, the properties of the elements recur periodically.
Modern Periodic Table
- Elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number.
- Transition elements have their own block.
- No gaps.
Atomic Numbers and Mass Numbers
- Definition: The mass number of an element is the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of the atom of that element.
- Letter 'Z' is used to denote the atomic number while the letter 'A' is used to denote the mass number.
Isotopes
- Definition: Isotopes are atoms of the same element, with the same atomic number, which have different mass numbers due to the different number of neutrons in the nucleus.
- Average mass of isotopes considered, taking into account abundance.
Mass Spectrometer
- Used to measure the masses of atoms.
- Used to identify isotopes.
Writing Electron Configurations
- Electrons fill orbitals following rules.
- Lowest energy levels always filled first.
- Maximum number of electrons per orbital.
- Configurations of ions.
Atomic Energy Levels
- Fixed amount of energy of an electron in an atom.
Electronic Orbit and Orbitals
- Orbit—Inconsistent with the wave properties of an electron and the uncertainty principle.
- Orbital—Electron can have wave properties and the uncertainty principle is taken into account.
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Description
Explore the fundamental concepts and discoveries of early chemists and philosophers. This quiz covers the beliefs of Greek philosophers, Robert Boyle's definition of elements, Humphrey Davy's discoveries through electrolysis, Dobereiner's triads, and Newlands' octaves. Test your knowledge of the foundational theories that shaped modern chemistry.
