40 Questions
What is one of the aims of distillation?
Purification of liquid organic substances
Which method is NOT a type of distillation?
Filtration
What can be determined using the distillation process?
Boiling point
Which description fits steam distillation?
Uses steam to carry volatile compounds
How many main types of distillation are there?
Four
What does distillation rely on to separate components in a liquid mixture?
The differences in boiling points
Which process is described as the purification of liquid organic compounds by converting them into vapor and then back into liquid?
Distillation
Which apparatus is necessary to measure the temperature during distillation?
Thermometer
In distillation, which component condenses the vapor back into liquid?
Condenser
What is an essential characteristic of components that allows distillation to separate them?
Different boiling points
What is vacuum distillation primarily used for?
Separation of liquids with high boiling points
How does vacuum distillation overcome the difficulties associated with high boiling points?
By lowering the pressure over the substance
Why might a substance be suitable for vacuum distillation?
It has a high boiling point or is heat unstable
What effect does lowering the pressure have on the boiling point of a substance in vacuum distillation?
Lowers the boiling point
What property makes a substance difficult to distill without vacuum distillation?
High boiling point or heat instability
What is the boiling point range suitable for simple distillation?
30 °C to 150 °C
Which component is NOT typically part of a simple distillation apparatus?
Fractionating column
What is the primary function of the condenser in the simple distillation process?
To condense the vapor back into liquid
Simple distillation is only effective for liquids that are:
Stable to heat and have boiling points between 30 °C and 150 °C
What is a critical requirement for the liquids used in simple distillation?
Must be stable to heat
What is the main purpose of steam distillation?
Separating water immiscible compounds
What type of compounds are separated from non-volatile by-products using steam distillation?
Low volatility water immiscible compounds
Which type of compound is not typically separated using steam distillation?
High volatility compounds
What forms as by-products in many reactions separated by steam distillation?
Non-volatile tarry products
Which piece of equipment mentioned is associated with steam distillation?
Safety tube
What primary function does a fractionating column serve in fractional distillation?
To provide a surface for repeated vaporization and condensation
Which component is essential for maintaining controlled boiling ranges during fractional distillation?
Fractionating column
Which term describes the process of collecting separate fractions based on boiling ranges?
Fractional distillation
Which part of the distillation apparatus introduces cold water?
Cold water in
What is the key difference between fractional distillation and other types of distillation?
It involves collecting fractions based on boiling ranges
What is the aim of the simple distillation experiment?
Purification of Ethanol
How many pieces of boiling chips should you add to the boiling flask?
2-3 pieces
What should you do with the first 2-3 ml of the distillate?
Discard it
At what rate should the distillation proceed?
2-3 drops per second
How much ethanol should be collected during the distillation process?
30-60 ml
What is an azeotropic mixture?
A mixture of two or more liquids, where the proportions of the liquids cannot be altered by simple distillation
Why can't the proportions of liquids in an azeotropic mixture be altered by simple distillation?
Because the vapor pressure has the same proportions of constituents as the liquid mixture
At what temperature does the azeotropic mixture of 95% Ethyl alcohol and 5% water boil?
78.15°C
What are the boiling points of ethyl alcohol and water respectively?
78.15°C and 100°C
Which of the following is NOT true about an azeotropic mixture?
Its vapor pressure has different proportions of constituents than the liquid mixture
Study Notes
Distillation
- Distillation is a method of separation of components from a liquid mixture based on differences in boiling points and distributions between liquid and gas phases.
- It involves purification of liquid organic compounds by conversion to vapor state with heat and condensation of vapors to liquid state.
Aim of Distillation
- Purification of liquid organic substances
- Determination of boiling point
- Separation of liquid organic substances from each other or from a solid compound
Types of Distillation
- Simple distillation: for separation of liquids with boiling points ranging from 30°C to 150°C, stable to heat
- Vacuum distillation: for separation of liquids with high boiling points or unstable to heat
- Steam distillation: for separation of water immiscible compounds of low volatility from non-volatile tarry products
- Fractional distillation: for separation of mixtures with components having boiling points differing by only a few degrees
Fractional Distillation
- Employs a fractionating column in the distillation apparatus
- Collects separate fractions according to controlled boiling ranges during distillation of a mixture of substances
Simple Distillation Procedure
- Put 100 ml of ethanol in a boiling flask
- Add 2-3 pieces of boiling chips
- Start water running slowly through the condenser
- Heat until boiling, then adjust temperature for 2-3 drops per second
- Discard the first 2-3 ml of distillate, then collect 30-60 ml
- Record the boiling point of the liquid, Ethanol
Azeotropic Mixture
- A mixture of two or more liquids where proportions cannot be altered by simple distillation
- Example: 95% Ethyl alcohol and 5% water produce an azeotropic mixture, boiling at 78.15°C
Boiling Points
- Ethyl alcohol: 78.15°C
- Water: 100°C
Learn about the distillation process, a method of separation and purification of liquid mixtures, and its components such as thermometers and condensers.
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