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Questions and Answers
What is one of the aims of distillation?
What is one of the aims of distillation?
- Enhancement of flavor
- Purification of liquid organic substances (correct)
- Reduction of temperature
- Increase in pressure
Which method is NOT a type of distillation?
Which method is NOT a type of distillation?
- Filtration (correct)
- Steam distillation
- Fractional distillation
- Vacuum distillation
What can be determined using the distillation process?
What can be determined using the distillation process?
- Viscosity
- Density
- Boiling point (correct)
- Color
Which description fits steam distillation?
Which description fits steam distillation?
How many main types of distillation are there?
How many main types of distillation are there?
What does distillation rely on to separate components in a liquid mixture?
What does distillation rely on to separate components in a liquid mixture?
Which process is described as the purification of liquid organic compounds by converting them into vapor and then back into liquid?
Which process is described as the purification of liquid organic compounds by converting them into vapor and then back into liquid?
Which apparatus is necessary to measure the temperature during distillation?
Which apparatus is necessary to measure the temperature during distillation?
In distillation, which component condenses the vapor back into liquid?
In distillation, which component condenses the vapor back into liquid?
What is an essential characteristic of components that allows distillation to separate them?
What is an essential characteristic of components that allows distillation to separate them?
What is vacuum distillation primarily used for?
What is vacuum distillation primarily used for?
How does vacuum distillation overcome the difficulties associated with high boiling points?
How does vacuum distillation overcome the difficulties associated with high boiling points?
Why might a substance be suitable for vacuum distillation?
Why might a substance be suitable for vacuum distillation?
What effect does lowering the pressure have on the boiling point of a substance in vacuum distillation?
What effect does lowering the pressure have on the boiling point of a substance in vacuum distillation?
What property makes a substance difficult to distill without vacuum distillation?
What property makes a substance difficult to distill without vacuum distillation?
What is the boiling point range suitable for simple distillation?
What is the boiling point range suitable for simple distillation?
Which component is NOT typically part of a simple distillation apparatus?
Which component is NOT typically part of a simple distillation apparatus?
What is the primary function of the condenser in the simple distillation process?
What is the primary function of the condenser in the simple distillation process?
Simple distillation is only effective for liquids that are:
Simple distillation is only effective for liquids that are:
What is a critical requirement for the liquids used in simple distillation?
What is a critical requirement for the liquids used in simple distillation?
What is the main purpose of steam distillation?
What is the main purpose of steam distillation?
What type of compounds are separated from non-volatile by-products using steam distillation?
What type of compounds are separated from non-volatile by-products using steam distillation?
Which type of compound is not typically separated using steam distillation?
Which type of compound is not typically separated using steam distillation?
What forms as by-products in many reactions separated by steam distillation?
What forms as by-products in many reactions separated by steam distillation?
Which piece of equipment mentioned is associated with steam distillation?
Which piece of equipment mentioned is associated with steam distillation?
What primary function does a fractionating column serve in fractional distillation?
What primary function does a fractionating column serve in fractional distillation?
Which component is essential for maintaining controlled boiling ranges during fractional distillation?
Which component is essential for maintaining controlled boiling ranges during fractional distillation?
Which term describes the process of collecting separate fractions based on boiling ranges?
Which term describes the process of collecting separate fractions based on boiling ranges?
Which part of the distillation apparatus introduces cold water?
Which part of the distillation apparatus introduces cold water?
What is the key difference between fractional distillation and other types of distillation?
What is the key difference between fractional distillation and other types of distillation?
What is the aim of the simple distillation experiment?
What is the aim of the simple distillation experiment?
How many pieces of boiling chips should you add to the boiling flask?
How many pieces of boiling chips should you add to the boiling flask?
What should you do with the first 2-3 ml of the distillate?
What should you do with the first 2-3 ml of the distillate?
At what rate should the distillation proceed?
At what rate should the distillation proceed?
How much ethanol should be collected during the distillation process?
How much ethanol should be collected during the distillation process?
What is an azeotropic mixture?
What is an azeotropic mixture?
Why can't the proportions of liquids in an azeotropic mixture be altered by simple distillation?
Why can't the proportions of liquids in an azeotropic mixture be altered by simple distillation?
At what temperature does the azeotropic mixture of 95% Ethyl alcohol and 5% water boil?
At what temperature does the azeotropic mixture of 95% Ethyl alcohol and 5% water boil?
What are the boiling points of ethyl alcohol and water respectively?
What are the boiling points of ethyl alcohol and water respectively?
Which of the following is NOT true about an azeotropic mixture?
Which of the following is NOT true about an azeotropic mixture?
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Study Notes
Distillation
- Distillation is a method of separation of components from a liquid mixture based on differences in boiling points and distributions between liquid and gas phases.
- It involves purification of liquid organic compounds by conversion to vapor state with heat and condensation of vapors to liquid state.
Aim of Distillation
- Purification of liquid organic substances
- Determination of boiling point
- Separation of liquid organic substances from each other or from a solid compound
Types of Distillation
- Simple distillation: for separation of liquids with boiling points ranging from 30°C to 150°C, stable to heat
- Vacuum distillation: for separation of liquids with high boiling points or unstable to heat
- Steam distillation: for separation of water immiscible compounds of low volatility from non-volatile tarry products
- Fractional distillation: for separation of mixtures with components having boiling points differing by only a few degrees
Fractional Distillation
- Employs a fractionating column in the distillation apparatus
- Collects separate fractions according to controlled boiling ranges during distillation of a mixture of substances
Simple Distillation Procedure
- Put 100 ml of ethanol in a boiling flask
- Add 2-3 pieces of boiling chips
- Start water running slowly through the condenser
- Heat until boiling, then adjust temperature for 2-3 drops per second
- Discard the first 2-3 ml of distillate, then collect 30-60 ml
- Record the boiling point of the liquid, Ethanol
Azeotropic Mixture
- A mixture of two or more liquids where proportions cannot be altered by simple distillation
- Example: 95% Ethyl alcohol and 5% water produce an azeotropic mixture, boiling at 78.15°C
Boiling Points
- Ethyl alcohol: 78.15°C
- Water: 100°C
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