Chemistry: Dalton's Atomic Theory and Bonds
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Questions and Answers

What is the key characteristic of atoms according to Dalton's atomic theory?

  • Atoms are always visible to the naked eye.
  • Atoms of one element are all identical. (correct)
  • Atoms can be divided into smaller particles.
  • Atoms can change into different elements.

    • What type of bond typically occurs between a metal and a non-metal?

  • Hydrogen Bond
  • Covalent Bond
  • Polar Covalent Bond
  • Ionic Bond (correct)

    • What is the range of electronegativity difference that indicates a polar covalent bond?

  • 0.5 to 1.6 (correct)
  • 0.0 to 0.4
  • ≥ 2.6
  • 1.7 to 2.5

    • According to Dalton, what forms when atoms combine?

    <p>Molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of polarity, what signifies the distribution of electric charge among atoms in a bond?

    <p>Electronegativity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What molecular shape is characterized by a central atom with two bonded atoms and two lone pairs?

    <p>Bent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following compounds exhibits a tetrahedral molecular shape?

    <p>Methane (CH4)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond is formed when electrons are shared unequally between atoms?

    <p>Polar covalent bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecular shape features three bonded atoms arranged in a triangle around a central atom?

    <p>Trigonal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the molecular shape that consists of four bonded atoms arranged in a flat square.

    <p>Square planar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the bond angle in a tetrahedral molecular structure?

    <p>109.5°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule is an example of a pyramidal molecular shape?

    <p>Pnictogen hydrides (XH3)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes electronegativity?

    <p>The relative tendency of an atom to attract electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do lone pairs have on bond angles in molecular structures?

    <p>They decrease bond angles slightly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following molecules is an example of a polar molecule?

    <p>PCI3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of solubility?

    <p>The ability of a solid substance to dissolve in a solvent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the phrase 'like dissolves like' imply?

    <p>Polar solvents can only dissolve polar solutes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes polar bonds in a molecule?

    <p>Unequal sharing of electrons due to electronegativity differences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding miscibility?

    <p>Miscibility refers to the ability of two liquids to mix in all proportions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecular structure is primarily characterized by having tetrahedral bond angles?

    <p>CCl4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of charge separation indicates a molecule is polar?

    <p>Presence of an electric dipole moment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pairs of substances are likely to mix due to their polarity?

    <p>benzene (C6H6) and chloroform (CHCl3)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about intermolecular forces of attraction (IMFA) is true?

    <p>Stronger IMFA leads to higher viscosity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly pairs a physical property with its definition?

    <p>Viscosity: the resistance of a liquid to flow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substances are nonpolar and would likely not mix with polar substances?

    <p>benzene (C6H6)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which property generally decreases as the strength of intermolecular forces increases?

    <p>Vapor pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to viscosity when intermolecular forces are weakened?

    <p>Viscosity decreases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following mixtures would be expected to have the highest boiling point?

    <p>water (H2O) and vinegar (CH3COOH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the vapor pressure of a substance?

    <p>Pressure exerted by a substance in its gaseous state.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    John Dalton's Atomic Theory

    • Dalton (1808) created the first atomic theory
    • He conducted experiments on atoms
    • Dalton viewed atoms as tiny, solid spheres

    Dalton's Atomic Theory Statements

    • Atoms are tiny and indivisible particles
    • Atoms of the same element are identical
    • Atoms of different elements are different
    • Compounds are formed by combining atoms

    Types of Chemical Bonds

    • Ionic Bonds: Occur between metals and nonmetals
      • Metal loses electrons, nonmetal gains electrons
    • Covalent Bonds: Occur between nonmetals
      • Electrons are shared between atoms

    Bond Polarity

    • Electronegativity difference determines bond polarity
      • High difference (≥ 1.7): Ionic bond
      • Moderate difference (0.5 to 1.6): Polar covalent bond
      • Low difference (< 0.4): Nonpolar covalent bond

    Molecular Shapes

    • Linear: Atoms arranged in a straight line (180°)
    • Bent: Atoms arranged in a "V" shape (< 120° for example)
    • Trigonal planar: Atoms arranged in a flat triangle (120°)
    • Tetrahedral: Atoms arranged in a three-dimensional pyramid shape (approximately 109.5°)
    • Square planar: Atoms in a flat square around the central atom (90°)

    Molecular Polarity

    • Polar molecules have opposite charges on different parts of the molecule.
    • Nonpolar molecules have even charge distribution

    Examples of Molecular Shapes

    • Linear: CO2, BeCl2
    • Bent: H2O, NO2
    • Trigonal planar: BF3, NO3
    • Tetrahedral: CH4, NH4+
    • Square planar: XeF4

    Examples of substances

    • Carbon dioxide (CO2)
    • Beryllium chloride (BeCl2)
    • Nitric oxide (NO)
    • Beryllium fluoride (BeF2)
    • Hydrogen cyanide (HCN)
    • Xenon difluoride (XeF2)
    • Methane (CH4)
    • Silane (SiH4)

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    Chemistry PDF - Atomic Theory, Bonds, and Polarity

    Description

    This quiz covers John Dalton's atomic theory, including its core statements and principles. Additionally, it explores different types of chemical bonds, their properties, and the concept of bond polarity. Test your understanding of atomic theory and molecular shapes!

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