Chemistry Class: Atomic Structure and Bonding

Elements in the same group (vertical column) of the periodic table have similar chemical properties due to having the same number of valence electrons. Elements in the same period (horizontal row) show trends in their properties due to changes in atomic radius, electronegativity, and ionization energy.

The solute is the substance that dissolves in the solvent. The solvent is the substance that dissolves the solute, typically present in a larger amount.

The pH scale is a logarithmic scale that measures the acidity or basicity of a solution. A neutral solution has a pH of 7. Acids typically have a pH lower than 7, and bases typically have a pH higher than 7.

<p>Stoichiometry deals with the quantitative relationships between reactants and products in a chemical reaction. Mole ratios are used to convert between moles of reactants and moles of products, enabling us to predict the amounts of substances involved in a reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enthalpy is a measure of the heat content of a system. Entropy is a measure of the disorder or randomness in a system. Gibbs free energy combines enthalpy and entropy to determine the spontaneity of a reaction, where a negative value indicates a spontaneous reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Atoms are composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons carry a positive charge, neutrons are neutral, and electrons carry a negative charge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The atomic number of an element corresponds to the number of protons in its nucleus. This number is unique to each element and determines its chemical identity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ionic bonds form when atoms transfer electrons, resulting in the formation of oppositely charged ions that attract each other. Covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Solids have a fixed shape and volume. Liquids have a fixed volume but take the shape of their container. Gases have neither a fixed shape nor a fixed volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A chemical reaction involves the rearrangement of atoms to form new substances. Reactants are the substances present at the start of the reaction, while products are the substances formed as a result of the reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The law of conservation of mass states that matter is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction. This means that the total mass of the reactants must equal the total mass of the products.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exothermic reactions release energy to the surroundings, often as heat, making the surroundings warmer. Examples include combustion and the reaction of sodium with water. Endothermic reactions absorb energy from the surroundings, making the surroundings colder. Examples include melting ice and photosynthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The periodic table arranges elements by their atomic number and properties, with elements in the same column (group) sharing similar chemical properties and elements in the same row (period) having the same number of electron shells. From the periodic table, you can get information about the element's atomic number, atomic mass, and electron configuration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Elements in the same group have similar chemical properties.

A homogeneous mixture consisting of a solute and a solvent.

Substances that release hydrogen ions (H+) in water.

Quantifies the acidity or basicity of a solution, with 7 being neutral.

Studies quantitative relationships between reactants and products in reactions.

The basic building block of matter composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.

The central part of an atom containing protons and neutrons.

Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.

Forces that hold atoms together in molecules and compounds.

A bond formed by the transfer of electrons from one atom to another, typically between a metal and a nonmetal.

A bond formed when two nonmetals share electrons.

A chemical reaction that releases energy to its surroundings.

A chemical reaction that absorbs energy from its surroundings.