Chemistry Chapter on Nitrogen and Covalent Bonds

The ability of an atom to attract electrons towards itself when it is part of a chemical bond. It is a measure of the strength of an atom's pull on the electrons in a bond.

A chemical bond formed by the sharing of one pair of electrons between two atoms. Represented by a single line (-) in a Lewis structure.

A chemical bond formed by the sharing of two pairs of electrons between two atoms. Represented by two lines (=) in a Lewis structure.

A chemical bond formed by the sharing of three pairs of electrons between two atoms. Represented by three lines (≡) in a Lewis structure.

The tendency of an atom in a molecule to attract electrons towards itself. It is a measure of the strength of an atom's pull on the shared electrons.

A chemical bond where the electrons are shared equally between the two atoms. Occurs when the two atoms have the same electronegativity.

A chemical bond where the electrons are shared unequally between the two atoms. Occurs when the two atoms have different electronegativity.

The number of electrons that an atom needs to gain or lose to achieve a stable electron configuration.

A saturated hydrocarbon with a general formula CnH2n+2 where 'n' represents the number of carbon atoms.

An unsaturated hydrocarbon with a general formula CnH2n where 'n' represents the number of carbon atoms. It has one double bond between two carbon atoms.

A prefix used in the IUPAC naming system of organic compounds to indicate the number of carbon atoms in a molecule.

A suffix used in the IUPAC naming system of organic compounds to indicate the type of bond between carbon atoms.

Determines the naming of the main chain in molecules by considering the longest chain of carbon atoms.

The property of an element to exist in multiple forms with different physical properties but identical chemical properties.

A type of chemical bond where atoms share electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration. The shared electrons create a force that holds the atoms together.

Compounds formed through the sharing of electrons. They often have low melting and boiling points due to weak intermolecular forces.

A specific form of an element with distinct physical properties. Carbon exists as diamond, graphite, and other forms.

A black, opaque material that conducts electricity. It is used in pencil lead and electrical components.

A hard, transparent material that is a non-conductor of electricity. It is used in jewelry and cutting tools.

A chemical reaction that releases heat and light. It involves the rapid combination of a substance with an oxidant, typically oxygen.

The process of burning carbon in the presence of oxygen, producing carbon dioxide, heat, and light.

The process of burning hydrocarbons (compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen) in the presence of oxygen, producing carbon dioxide, water, heat, and light.

The process of burning alcohols in the presence of oxygen, producing carbon dioxide, water, heat, and light.

A type of flame produced when saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes) burn in sufficient oxygen. It is characterized by a clear, bluish color.

A type of flame produced when saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes) burn in limited oxygen. It is characterized by a yellow, sooty color.

A type of flame produced when unsaturated hydrocarbons (alkenes, alkynes) burn. It is characterized by a yellow color and lots of black smoke.

A molecule that contains only hydrogen and carbon atoms.

A cyclic hydrocarbon with single bonds between carbon atoms, forming a ring structure.

A cyclic hydrocarbon with alternating single and double bonds between carbon atoms.

The arrangement of atoms in a molecule, including the shape and bond angles.

Atoms or groups of atoms that give a molecule its characteristic chemical properties.

A series of organic compounds that have the same functional group and a similar structure, but differ in the number of carbon atoms by a constant unit (usually a CH2 group).

The simplest alkane with only one carbon atom (CH4).

The second simplest alkane with two carbon atoms (C2H6).

The third simplest alkane with three carbon atoms (C3H8).

The fourth simplest alkane with four carbon atoms (C4H10).

The general formula for alkanes (where 'n' is the number of carbon atoms).

The first member of the alkene series with two carbon atoms (C2H4).

The general formula for alkenes (where 'n' is the number of carbon atoms).

The first member of the alkyne series with two carbon atoms (C2H2).

The general formula for alkynes (where 'n' is the number of carbon atoms).

The process of replacing a hydrogen atom with a functional group in an alkane.

A reaction that adds atoms across a double bond.