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Questions and Answers
What is the total mass of one mole of methane (CH₄)?
What is the total mass of one mole of methane (CH₄)?
An endothermic reaction absorbs heat.
An endothermic reaction absorbs heat.
True
How much energy is released when one mole of methane is burned?
How much energy is released when one mole of methane is burned?
802 kJ
Burning one mole of CH₄ releases ______ kJ of energy.
Burning one mole of CH₄ releases ______ kJ of energy.
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Match the following molecules with their respective valence electrons:
Match the following molecules with their respective valence electrons:
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How many kJ of energy does each gram of methane provide?
How many kJ of energy does each gram of methane provide?
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The steps to draw a Lewis structure do not require checking and adjusting the number of electrons used.
The steps to draw a Lewis structure do not require checking and adjusting the number of electrons used.
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What is the first step in calculating kJ/g for a fossil fuel?
What is the first step in calculating kJ/g for a fossil fuel?
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What type of bonds connect carbon and oxygen in carbon dioxide (CO₂)?
What type of bonds connect carbon and oxygen in carbon dioxide (CO₂)?
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Combustion reactions absorb heat and are generally endothermic.
Combustion reactions absorb heat and are generally endothermic.
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What is the total number of valence electrons in a water molecule (H₂O)?
What is the total number of valence electrons in a water molecule (H₂O)?
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The heat of combustion can be calculated by subtracting the energy of ______ from the energy of ______.
The heat of combustion can be calculated by subtracting the energy of ______ from the energy of ______.
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Match the following hydrocarbons with their respective bond types:
Match the following hydrocarbons with their respective bond types:
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Which of the following is a product of the combustion of methane?
Which of the following is a product of the combustion of methane?
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The negative value of heat of combustion indicates an endothermic reaction.
The negative value of heat of combustion indicates an endothermic reaction.
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What are the products formed when methane (CH₄) combusts in the presence of oxygen?
What are the products formed when methane (CH₄) combusts in the presence of oxygen?
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What does the First Law of Thermodynamics state?
What does the First Law of Thermodynamics state?
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The second law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of the universe decreases.
The second law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of the universe decreases.
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What is the primary recovery method in petroleum extraction?
What is the primary recovery method in petroleum extraction?
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Lignite coal has __________ energy content and __________ moisture.
Lignite coal has __________ energy content and __________ moisture.
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Match the types of coal with their characteristics:
Match the types of coal with their characteristics:
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Which of the following statements describes the heat of reaction (ΔH)?
Which of the following statements describes the heat of reaction (ΔH)?
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Catalyzed reactions require lower activation energy compared to uncatalyzed reactions.
Catalyzed reactions require lower activation energy compared to uncatalyzed reactions.
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What feature of a reaction coordinate diagram represents the highest energy point?
What feature of a reaction coordinate diagram represents the highest energy point?
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Which of the following contributes to offsetting emissions?
Which of the following contributes to offsetting emissions?
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The triple-bottom line focuses solely on profit.
The triple-bottom line focuses solely on profit.
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What does being carbon neutral mean?
What does being carbon neutral mean?
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The triple-bottom line is sometimes referred to as the _____ because it includes People, Planet, and Profit.
The triple-bottom line is sometimes referred to as the _____ because it includes People, Planet, and Profit.
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Match the following areas of the triple-bottom line with their focus:
Match the following areas of the triple-bottom line with their focus:
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What is the primary purpose of the tertiary cooling loop in a nuclear power plant?
What is the primary purpose of the tertiary cooling loop in a nuclear power plant?
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Which process is involved in nuclear fission?
Which process is involved in nuclear fission?
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In balancing nuclear equations, you balance only atoms on both sides of the arrow.
In balancing nuclear equations, you balance only atoms on both sides of the arrow.
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Alpha particles have high penetration but low damage.
Alpha particles have high penetration but low damage.
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What substance is commonly used as a neutron moderator in nuclear reactors?
What substance is commonly used as a neutron moderator in nuclear reactors?
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What are the two things that must be balanced in a nuclear equation?
What are the two things that must be balanced in a nuclear equation?
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The primary loop in a nuclear power plant carries _____ water.
The primary loop in a nuclear power plant carries _____ water.
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What does the cooling tower release into the atmosphere?
What does the cooling tower release into the atmosphere?
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Match the following types of radioactive emissions with their descriptions:
Match the following types of radioactive emissions with their descriptions:
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List one component of the nuclear reactor's containment dome.
List one component of the nuclear reactor's containment dome.
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The process of turning water into steam in the secondary cooling loop is facilitated by the _____ generator.
The process of turning water into steam in the secondary cooling loop is facilitated by the _____ generator.
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What is the end product of the Uranium-238 decay series?
What is the end product of the Uranium-238 decay series?
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In a decay series, a stable isotope is reached after several radioactive decays.
In a decay series, a stable isotope is reached after several radioactive decays.
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Name one application of understanding decay series in the context of health and safety.
Name one application of understanding decay series in the context of health and safety.
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The process of radioactive decay may include both __________ decay and __________ decay.
The process of radioactive decay may include both __________ decay and __________ decay.
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Match the following decay series with their stable end products:
Match the following decay series with their stable end products:
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What is the primary purpose of the Yucca Mountain Nuclear Waste Repository?
What is the primary purpose of the Yucca Mountain Nuclear Waste Repository?
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The half-lives of isotopes in a decay series are always the same.
The half-lives of isotopes in a decay series are always the same.
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What kind of incident occurred at Chernobyl due to poor safety protocols?
What kind of incident occurred at Chernobyl due to poor safety protocols?
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Study Notes
Chapter 6: Energy from Combustion
- Combustion reactions typically involve hydrocarbons reacting with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water.
- Example: Methane Combustion CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O
- To balance combustion reactions, follow these steps:
- Write the equation (e.g., Methane + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water).
- Count the atoms on each side of the equation before and after the reaction (e.g., C, H, O).
- Balance the atoms by adjusting the coefficients for each molecule until the number of each atom is equal on both sides of the equation.
- Kinetic Energy: Energy of motion.
- Potential Energy: Stored energy due to position or composition.
- Heat: Energy flowing from a hotter object to a cooler one.
- Temperature: Measurement of average kinetic energy of molecules.
- Calorie: Energy to raise 1 g of water by 1 °C.
- Calorie (Cal): 1 nutritional Calorie = 1 kcal = 1000 cal.
- Joule (J): SI unit of energy. 1 cal = 4.184 J.
- Kilojoule (kJ): 1 kJ = 1000 J.
- Calorimeter: Instrument to measure the heat of combustion.
- Exothermic Reaction: Releases heat during a reaction (e.g., combustion).
- Endothermic Reaction: Absorbs heat during a reaction (e.g., photosynthesis).
- Finding kJ/g:
- Write down known information (molecular formula and energy released).
- Calculate the mass of one mole of the substance.
- Use the given values to calculate kJ/g.
How to Draw Lewis Structures
- Lewis structures show how atoms bond and share electrons.
- Steps:
- Count valence electrons for each atom.
- Connect atoms with single bonds (each bond = 2 electrons).
- Complete octets for each atom (except hydrogen, which needs 2).
- Adjust if needed to ensure the correct number of electrons.
Exothermic vs. Endothermic Combustion Reactions
- Combustion reactions involve a fuel (hydrocarbon) reacting with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water.
- Exothermic combustion: Releases heat (products have lower energy than reactants). Most combustion reactions are exothermic.
- Endothermic combustion: Absorbs heat (products have higher energy than reactants).
Calculate Heat of Combustion
- Calculate using bond energies (Table 5.1).
- List bonds broken (reactants) and bonds formed (products).
- Calculate total energy (Heat of Combustion = Bonds Broken - Bonds Formed).
Summary of Lewis Structures & Combustion
- Lewis structures illustrate the bonding and electron sharing within molecules.
- Combustion reactions (e.g., burning methane) involve hydrocarbon fuels reacting with oxygen to create certain products and release a significant amount of energy.
Chapter 7: Energy from Alternative Sources
- Nuclear Fission: Splitting heavy nuclei to release energy. Chain Reaction: Continuous fission process.
- Balancing Nuclear Equations: Balance mass numbers (top numbers) and atomic numbers (bottom numbers) on both sides of the equation.
- Alpha Decay: Mass number decreases by 4, atomic number decreases by 2.
- Beta Decay: Mass number remains the same, atomic number increases by 1. Radioactive Isotopes decay to reach stability.
- Half-Life: Time for 50% decay of a radioactive isotope.
- Radioactive Decay Series: A sequence of decays until a stable nucleus is reached.
- Nuclear Power Plants: Utilize nuclear fission to generate electricity.
- Nuclear waste storage is a complex issue.
- Common decay series (e.g., Uranium-238, Thorium-232, Uranium-235) are often used in dating methods and require careful handling.
Photovoltaic (PV) Cells
- Photovoltaic (PV) cells convert light energy (sunlight) into electrical energy. This process involves light knocking electrons loose from atoms, creating an electric current.
- Semiconductor materials (often silicon) absorb photons in the PV cell.
- The absorbed photons excite electrons, causing them to move.
- This movement results in an electric current, which then power electrical devices.
- Doping creates specific layers in the PV cells to enhance electricity generation.
Renewable Energy Sources
- Renewable energy sources include wind, hydropower, geothermal, and biomass.
- These sources rely on sustainable energy resources without depleting natural resources.
Nuclear Incidents
- Nuclear accidents have occurred. Accidents, such as Chernobyl or Three Mile Island resulted in undesirable environmental impacts.
Yucca Mountain Nuclear Waste Repository
- A potential long-term nuclear waste repository in Nevada.
- Concerns include safety, seismic activity, and transport risks.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the combustion of methane (CH₄) and related chemical concepts. This quiz covers energy changes during combustion, the properties of methane, and valence electron counting. Dive into the world of endothermic and exothermic reactions while exploring hydrocarbons.
