Chemistry Chapter: Ions and Atomic Structure

The idea that all matter is made up of tiny, indivisible particles called atoms.

A model that describes the atom as a positively charged sphere with negatively charged electrons embedded in it, like raisins in a bun.

A model that describes the atom as having a central, positively charged nucleus with negatively charged electrons orbiting it.

A model that describes the atom as having electrons orbiting the nucleus in specific, quantized energy levels.

The idea that electrons exist in specific energy levels and behave like waves, not just particles.

The vertical columns on the periodic table are called groups or families.

Elements in the same group share similar chemical properties due to having the same number of valence electrons, which are located in the outermost energy level of an atom.

The group number (excluding the transition metals) indicates the number of valence electrons in an atom of an element in that group, ignoring the '1' in front of groups 13-18.

Horizontal rows on the periodic table are called periods. Elements in the same period have the same number of electron shells, but differ in the number of valence electrons.

The periodic table shows a pattern in reactivity as you move across a period from left to right. Generally, reactivity increases for metals and decreases for nonmetals.

Reactivity generally increases down a group for metals due to the increasing atomic size and weaker attraction between the valence electrons and the nucleus.

Reactivity generally decreases down a group for nonmetals because the valence electrons are closer to the nucleus and harder to gain.

The atomic nucleus is the center of the atom and contains protons and neutrons. The number of protons determines the element's atomic number.

A sodium ion (Na+) has 11 protons, 12 neutrons, and 10 electrons, formed by the loss of one electron, giving it a +1 charge.

A potassium ion (K+) has 19 protons, 20 neutrons, and 18 electrons, formed by the loss of one electron from its outermost shell, giving it a +1 charge.

A calcium ion (Ca2+) has 20 protons, 20 neutrons, and 18 electrons, formed by the loss of two electrons from its outermost shell, resulting in a +2 charge.

A chloride ion (Cl-) has 17 protons, 18 neutrons, and 18 electrons, formed by gaining an electron in its outermost shell, resulting in a -1 charge.

Titanium gains 4 electrons to form a titanium ion (Ti4+).

A substance that conducts electricity when dissolved in water. This ability is due to the presence of charged particles (ions) in solution.

A molecule that breaks apart into ions when dissolved in water. This process is known as dissociation.

Atoms or groups of atoms that carry a positive or negative charge. They form when an atom gains or loses electrons.

A compound formed by the electrostatic attraction between positively charged metal ions (cations) and negatively charged nonmetal ions (anions).

A metal that can form ions with more than one possible charge. For example, iron can form Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions.

Metals that can only form one type of ion. For example, sodium always forms Na+ ions.

The process of determining the chemical formula for an ionic compound based on the charges of the ions involved, ensuring that the total positive charge equals the total negative charge.

The number written as a subscript after an element's symbol in a chemical formula, indicating the number of atoms of that element in a molecule or compound.

In the Roman numeral system, the charge of the metal ion is represented by a Roman numeral enclosed in brackets following the metal name.

To determine the charge of the metal ion, count the total negative charge contributed by the nonmetal ions.

Nonmetal ions are NEVER multivalent, meaning they always have the same charge in a compound.

The metal's charge written as a Roman numeral inside brackets is given to you in the name.

The charge of the metal ion is used to balance the charges of the nonmetal ion, ensuring the compound has a neutral charge.

A complex or polyatomic ion acts like a single ion in a compound, combining with a simple metal ion or another complex ion.

The name of the compound is formed by combining the name of the first ion (either metal or ammonium) followed by the name of the complex ion.

The formula is written by combining the symbols of the ions and balancing the charges, using parentheses around complex ions if more than one is needed.

A chemical reaction where one reactant breaks down into two or more simpler products. It often requires energy input for the reaction to occur.

A reaction where an element replaces another element in a compound. This usually involves a metal replacing a less reactive metal or a halogen replacing a less reactive halogen.

A reaction where the positive and negative ions of two reactants switch places, forming two new compounds. Often involves the formation of a precipitate, gas, or water.

The amount of substance containing 6.022 x 10^23 elementary entities (atoms, molecules, or ions). It's a convenient way to measure large quantities of particles.

The number of particles (atoms, molecules, or ions) in one mole of a substance. It is approximately 6.022 x 10^23 entities/mole.

A method of converting between different units of measurement by multiplying the given quantity by conversion factors. These factors represent the relationships between different units.

The act of converting one unit of measurement to another using the appropriate conversion factor while ensuring the units cancel correctly.

A form of mathematics used to solve problems involving quantities, especially in chemistry. It can be used to convert units, calculate molar masses, and determine the amounts of reactants and products in a reaction.