Chemistry Chapter: Atomic Theories

Rutherford proposed that the nucleus contains most of the atom's mass and positive charge in a very small volume.

Rutherford described electrons as revolving around the nucleus in circular paths called orbits.

The electrons are held to the nucleus by a strong electrostatic force of attraction.

<p>Maxwell's theory indicated that accelerating charged particles, like electrons, would emit electromagnetic radiation and lose energy, causing them to collapse into the nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A significant drawback was that Rutherford did not explain the arrangement of electrons within the atom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calculations showed that an electron would collapse into the nucleus in less than $10^{-8}$ seconds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both models failed to explain the energy and stability of an atom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Despite their inaccuracies, early atomic models laid the foundational concepts that led to advancements in quantum mechanics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Atomic mass (A) is the sum of protons and neutrons, while neutrons (N) can be found using the equation N = A - Z.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same atomic number but different mass numbers; for example, Carbon-12 and Carbon-14.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Isotones are nuclei with the same number of neutrons but different atomic numbers, whereas isotopes have the same atomic number but different neutron counts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Isobars are atoms of different elements that have the same mass number but different atomic numbers; for example, Argon-40 and Calcium-40.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The nuclear force binds protons and neutrons together in the nucleus, overcoming the repulsive electric force between protons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The nuclear force is approximately 10 million times stronger than chemical binding forces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The interactions are between protons and protons, neutrons and protons, and neutrons and neutrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Atomic number (Z) represents the number of protons present in the nucleus of an atom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The attractive nature of nuclear force allows it to bind protons together, overcoming their Coulomb repulsion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The nuclear force becomes practically non-existent at distances greater than 2.5 Fermi.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>At distances less than 0.7 Fermi, the nuclear force becomes repulsive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The nucleus of an atom is comprised of neutrons and protons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nuclear energy is released through nuclear fission and fusion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The repulsive component of nuclear force limits how closely nucleons can pack together, thereby determining the size of the nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nuclear fusion involves combining atoms to form a larger atom, while nuclear fission involves splitting larger atoms into smaller ones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Coulomb resistance affects the nuclear force by creating a repulsive effect between protons, necessitating a strong enough nuclear force to keep them bound.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mass defect is the difference between the actual atomic mass and the predicted mass of nucleons. It can be calculated using the formula $𝚫M = (Zmp + Nmn) – MA$.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Binding energy is the energy released when a nucleus is formed, which accounts for the mass defect observed in the nucleus. It reflects the energy needed to separate constituents within the nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Two applications of nuclear technology in medicine are medical diagnosis and treatments, such as using radioactive isotopes in imaging and therapy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neutron activation analysis is used to determine the concentration of elements in a sample by irradiating it with neutrons and measuring the resulting radiation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mass defect is significant because it explains the stability of nuclei and the energy released during nuclear reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One agricultural use of nuclear technology is the development of pest-resistant crops through mutation breeding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nuclear technology is used in engineering projects for processes such as non-destructive testing to ensure material integrity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Binding energy concerns protons and neutrons within an atomic nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>0.02914 a.m.u.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>27.129 MeV</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>6.782 MeV</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>0.032486 a.m.u.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>3.96 x 10⁻¹¹ J</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2.46 x 10¹⁵ Hz</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>13 protons and 14 neutrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>-13.6 eV</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2.55 eV</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>6513 Å</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>0.53 Å</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>7.07 MeV per nucleon</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>4.59 x 10^14 Hz</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1.87854 amu</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1012.5 Å</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>492.26 MeV</p> Signup and view all the answers