Chemistry Chapter: Atom Structure and Reactions

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Questions and Answers

What are the three sub-atomic particles found in an atom and their charges?

Protons (charge +1), neutrons (charge 0), and electrons (charge -1).

How do isotopes differ from each other?

Isotopes have the same atomic number but different mass numbers.

What is the main difference between ionic bonding and covalent bonding?

Ionic bonding involves the transfer of electrons between a metal and a non-metal, while covalent bonding involves the sharing of electrons between non-metals.

What is the primary function of distillation in chemistry?

<p>Distillation separates two liquids based on their different boiling points.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristics define alkali metals in Group 1 of the periodic table?

<p>Alkali metals have low melting points, high reactivity, and one electron in their outer shell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain what happens during an exothermic reaction.

<p>In an exothermic reaction, energy is released into the surroundings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a giant covalent structure and provide an example?

<p>A giant covalent structure consists of a large network of atoms bonded by covalent bonds, such as diamond or silicon dioxide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the organization of the periodic table in terms of rows and groups.

<p>The periodic table is arranged in rows called periods and columns called groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of bond energy in chemical reactions like photosynthesis?

<p>Bond energy is the amount of energy required to break a bond between atoms. It plays a crucial role in determining the energy efficiency of photosynthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the process of crude oil formation.

<p>Crude oil forms from the remains of biomass that are buried in mud over millions of years, where they decay under heat and pressure. This transformation results in hydrocarbons being released, which can then be extracted as crude oil.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the properties of alkanes, and how do they impact their use as fuels?

<p>Alkanes are characterized by a single covalent bond, low density, and combustibility. These properties make them favorable as fuels since they burn easily and produce energy efficiently.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of fractional distillation and its purpose in refining hydrocarbons?

<p>Fractional distillation separates different hydrocarbons based on their boiling points. This process allows for the collection of specific fuels like petrol and diesel from crude oil.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how the composition of the Earth's atmosphere has changed since its formation.

<p>The early atmosphere was rich in carbon dioxide, ammonia, and methane, while today it contains 21% oxygen and only 0.04% carbon dioxide. This shift occurred due to processes such as photosynthesis and the formation of fossil fuels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do greenhouse gases play in climate change?

<p>Greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane, trap heat in the atmosphere, contributing to global warming and resulting in climate change. This is primarily due to human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify two major sources of methane emissions and their impact on greenhouse gas levels.

<p>Major sources of methane emissions include cattle farming and rice paddies. These activities significantly increase greenhouse gas levels in the atmosphere, exacerbating climate change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Suggest two methods for reducing carbon footprints and explain their benefits.

<p>Eating less red meat and switching to renewable energy sources can reduce carbon footprints. These actions help decrease greenhouse gas emissions and promote sustainability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Flashcards

What is an atom?

The smallest unit of an element that can exist.

What is an electron?

The negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus of an atom.

What is a proton?

The positively charged particles located in the nucleus of an atom.

What is a neutron?

The neutral particles located in the nucleus of an atom.

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What are isotopes?

Atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons.

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What is evaporation?

A process where a substance changes state from a liquid to a gas, often due to heat.

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What is a covalent bond?

A type of chemical bond formed by the sharing of electrons between two non-metal atoms.

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What is an exothermic reaction?

A chemical reaction that releases energy into the surroundings, often causing a rise in temperature.

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Photosynthesis

A process where plants use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce glucose (sugar) and oxygen.

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Covalent Bond

A type of chemical bond where two atoms share electrons. It is formed by the overlap of atomic orbitals.

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Crude Oil

A fossil fuel formed from the remains of ancient organisms, primarily plankton, buried under layers of sediment over millions of years.

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Alkanes

Hydrocarbons with only single bonds between carbon atoms. They are the simplest type of hydrocarbons.

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Fractional Distillation

A process that separates different components of a mixture based on their boiling points. It is used to refine crude oil and produce different fuels.

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Combustion of Hydrocarbons

A chemical reaction where a hydrocarbon reacts with oxygen, producing carbon dioxide, water, and energy.

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Cracking

The process where longer hydrocarbon chains are broken down into shorter chains, often using heat and catalysts. It is used to produce gasoline and other fuels.

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Greenhouse Gases

Gases in the Earth's atmosphere that trap heat, causing the planet to warm. Examples include carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor.

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Climate Change

A long-term change in global climate patterns due to an increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

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Carbon Footprint

The total amount of greenhouse gases emitted by a person, organization, or activity.

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Complete Combustion

The process of burning fuel completely with enough oxygen to produce only carbon dioxide and water.

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Study Notes

Atom Structure

  • Atoms are the smallest parts of an element.
  • Three subatomic particles: electrons, neutrons, and protons.
  • Electrons have a charge of -1 and a mass of 0.
  • Neutrons have a charge of 0 and a mass of 1.
  • Protons have a charge of +1 and a mass of 1.
  • Electrons orbit the nucleus; 2 in the first shell, then 8 in the second.
  • Isotopes have the same atomic number but different mass numbers.

Chemical Reactions and Compounds

  • Compounds are formed through chemical reactions.
  • Example: Oxygen + Magnesium → Magnesium Oxide
  • Ionic bonding occurs when a metal reacts with a non-metal.
  • Covalent bonding occurs when a non-metal reacts with another non-metal.

Atomic Theory History

  • Dalton's theory described atoms as tiny spheres.
  • Thomson's model (plum pudding) proposed electrons within a positively charged sphere.
  • Rutherford's model placed the positive charge at the nucleus.
  • Bohr's model showed electrons orbiting the nucleus.

Periodic Table

  • Elements are organized in the periodic table by atomic weight.
  • Groups are vertical columns.
  • Rows are called periods.
  • Non-metals are on the right side of the table.
  • Metals are on the left side of the table.

Properties of Elements

  • Metals: high melting/boiling points, high density, malleable, and ductile.
  • Non-metals: low density, low melting/boiling points, brittle, and non-ductile.
  • Group 1 (alkali metals) have increasing reactivity.
  • Group 0 (noble gases): unreactive, full outer electron shell.
  • Group 7 (halogens): decreasing reactivity, 7 electrons in outer shell.

Types of Bonding

  • Ionic bonding: electron transfer to achieve full outer shells.
  • Covalent bonding: sharing of electrons.
  • Giant covalent structures: strong bonds in network crystals, e.g., diamond, graphite, SiO2.

States of Matter and Changes

  • Solid, liquid, gas transitions: melting, freezing, boiling, condensation.
  • Exothermic reactions: release energy to the surroundings.
  • Endothermic reactions: absorb energy from the surroundings.

Fossil Fuels

  • Crude oil is a fossil fuel.
  • Formed from remains of buried biomass.
  • Hydrocarbons- compounds containing hydrogen and carbon.
  • Fractional distillation separates different hydrocarbons.
  • Examples of uses: transportation fuels, domestic heating.
  • Combustion of hydrocarbons produces carbon dioxide, water, and other byproducts.

Atmosphere

  • Early atmosphere composition: mostly carbon dioxide, water, methane, and ammonia.
  • Current atmosphere composition: primarily nitrogen and oxygen.
  • Greenhouse gases: gases that trap heat in the atmosphere.
  • Examples of greenhouse gases: carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor.
  • Human activities contribute to increased greenhouse gases and climate change.

Pollution

  • Combustion reactions produce pollutants.
  • Examples of pollutants: sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, soot, carbon monoxide.
  • Effects of pollutants: global dimming, respiratory problems, acid rain.

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