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Questions and Answers
What determines the strength of a covalent bond?
What determines the strength of a covalent bond?
the amount of overlap for the orbitals involved
A pi bond involves:
A pi bond involves:
Which bond is the shortest?
Which bond is the shortest?
Which of the following molecules contains an occupied orbital with a node along the internuclear axis?
Which of the following molecules contains an occupied orbital with a node along the internuclear axis?
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Which kind of orbitals can s orbitals overlap with?
Which kind of orbitals can s orbitals overlap with?
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What does the lowest point on a diagram showing the potential energy of two hydrogen atoms represent?
What does the lowest point on a diagram showing the potential energy of two hydrogen atoms represent?
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What does valence bond theory describe?
What does valence bond theory describe?
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What is the strongest bond in a carbon-carbon triple bond?
What is the strongest bond in a carbon-carbon triple bond?
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What must occur for a pi bond to form?
What must occur for a pi bond to form?
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Which molecule exhibits sp3 hybridization?
Which molecule exhibits sp3 hybridization?
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Which molecule exhibits sp2 hybridization?
Which molecule exhibits sp2 hybridization?
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Hybridization was developed to explain observations about what?
Hybridization was developed to explain observations about what?
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Which statements about hybridization are true?
Which statements about hybridization are true?
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What is the hybridization of the oxygen atom in a water molecule?
What is the hybridization of the oxygen atom in a water molecule?
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What is required for a pi bond to form?
What is required for a pi bond to form?
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What is true about the orbitals within a set of hybrid orbitals?
What is true about the orbitals within a set of hybrid orbitals?
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Which molecule has a central atom that is sp2 hybridized?
Which molecule has a central atom that is sp2 hybridized?
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What is the energy of an sp orbital relative to p and s orbitals?
What is the energy of an sp orbital relative to p and s orbitals?
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How many unhybridized p orbitals are around the central atom of beryllium chloride, BeCl2?
How many unhybridized p orbitals are around the central atom of beryllium chloride, BeCl2?
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What is the hybridization of carbon in carbon dioxide (CO2)?
What is the hybridization of carbon in carbon dioxide (CO2)?
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Which molecule has a central atom that is sp3d2 hybridized?
Which molecule has a central atom that is sp3d2 hybridized?
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Which molecule has a central atom that is sp3d2 hybridized?
Which molecule has a central atom that is sp3d2 hybridized?
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Which molecule has a central atom that is sp3d hybridized?
Which molecule has a central atom that is sp3d hybridized?
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Of the options given, which has the correct number of s, p, and d orbitals for an octahedral arrangement?
Of the options given, which has the correct number of s, p, and d orbitals for an octahedral arrangement?
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Hybridization predicts geometry best for what kind of atoms?
Hybridization predicts geometry best for what kind of atoms?
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How many unhybridized p orbitals are present on each of the carbon atoms in benzene's resonance structures?
How many unhybridized p orbitals are present on each of the carbon atoms in benzene's resonance structures?
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Which molecule has a nitrogen atom with an sp2 hybridization?
Which molecule has a nitrogen atom with an sp2 hybridization?
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What type of orbitals are enclosed in the dashed circle in the energy levels diagram for the carbon atom?
What type of orbitals are enclosed in the dashed circle in the energy levels diagram for the carbon atom?
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What is the hybridization of carbon in CN−?
What is the hybridization of carbon in CN−?
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What is the hybridization of the xenon atom in XeF6?
What is the hybridization of the xenon atom in XeF6?
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What is the hybridization of the carbon atom shown in the structure?
What is the hybridization of the carbon atom shown in the structure?
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What type of molecular orbital results from the overlap of two 3py orbitals?
What type of molecular orbital results from the overlap of two 3py orbitals?
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What do molecular orbital diagrams show?
What do molecular orbital diagrams show?
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How many electrons are shown in the molecular orbitals section for O2?
How many electrons are shown in the molecular orbitals section for O2?
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What type of molecular orbital results from the overlap of two 3px orbitals?
What type of molecular orbital results from the overlap of two 3px orbitals?
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What type of molecular orbital results from the overlap of two 3px orbitals?
What type of molecular orbital results from the overlap of two 3px orbitals?
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When lobes of two p orbitals overlap in the same phase, what is the dissociation energy compared to the σ∗ molecular orbital formed from out-of-phase overlap?
When lobes of two p orbitals overlap in the same phase, what is the dissociation energy compared to the σ∗ molecular orbital formed from out-of-phase overlap?
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How many electrons are shown in the molecular orbitals section for H2?
How many electrons are shown in the molecular orbitals section for H2?
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How many molecular orbitals will have an n value of 2?
How many molecular orbitals will have an n value of 2?
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What is the maximum bond order possible for a bond between elements in the second row of the periodic table?
What is the maximum bond order possible for a bond between elements in the second row of the periodic table?
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What is the highest occupied molecular orbital for Ne2?
What is the highest occupied molecular orbital for Ne2?
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What does bond order allow us to identify?
What does bond order allow us to identify?
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What is the highest occupied bonding orbital for Ne2?
What is the highest occupied bonding orbital for Ne2?
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Which molecule will have the same bond order as H2?
Which molecule will have the same bond order as H2?
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Which orbitals result in bond stabilization when they are occupied?
Which orbitals result in bond stabilization when they are occupied?
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What molecule is illustrated by the following molecular orbital diagram?
What molecule is illustrated by the following molecular orbital diagram?
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When s−p mixing occurs, which type of orbitals reverse in the order of being filled?
When s−p mixing occurs, which type of orbitals reverse in the order of being filled?
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Study Notes
Covalent Bonds and Hybridization
- Strength of a covalent bond is determined by the amount of overlap of the involved orbitals.
- A pi bond features lateral orbital overlap and includes a node, contributing to bond character.
- Among carbon-oxygen bonds, the carbon-oxygen triple bond is the shortest.
- Certain diatomic molecules like O2 and N2 contain occupied orbitals with nodal planes along the internuclear axis.
- S orbitals can overlap with sp, sp², and sp³ hybridized orbitals to form covalent bonds.
Orbital Interactions and Bond Types
- On a potential energy diagram, the lowest point signifies the ideal bond length between two atoms.
- Covalent bonds can be understood through valence bond theory, which describes them as overlaps of half-filled atomic orbitals.
- The strongest bond in a carbon-carbon triple bond is the sigma bond, characterized by direct orbital overlap.
- For pi bond formation, there must be overlap of unhybridized orbitals, specifically lateral overlap of p orbitals.
Hybridization Types
- Molecules like CCl₄ exhibit sp³ hybridization, while molecules like BH₃ show sp² hybridization.
- Hybridization explains observed bond angles in various molecules; it predicts the geometry best for small atoms.
- Within a set of hybrid orbitals, all orbitals exhibit the same shape and energy.
- Molecules such as BF₃ and IF₅ display different hybridizations (sp² and sp³d² respectively) based on their central atom configurations.
Molecular Orbital Theory
- Molecular orbital diagrams illustrate the relative energy levels of both atomic and molecular orbitals.
- Oxygen (O₂) will show 16 electrons in its molecular orbital diagram.
- For H₂, only 2 electrons are populated in the molecular orbitals section.
- The maximum possible bond order for elements in the second row of the periodic table is 3, indicating triple bonds are feasible.
Important Molecular Orbital Concepts
- The highest occupied molecular orbital for Ne₂ is σ*₂p, an antibonding orbital, while the highest occupied bonding orbital is π₂p.
- Molecular orbitals lead to bond stabilization when bonding orbitals are occupied.
- Certain configurations, such as those illustrated for Be²⁺, indicate structural properties derived from molecular orbital diagrams.
- s−p mixing can alter the filling order of orbitals, reversing the sequence for σ₂p bonding and π₂p bonding orbitals.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge with these flashcards based on Chapter 8 of Knewton Alta. This quiz covers important concepts such as covalent bond strength, pi bonds, and the lengths of carbon-oxygen bonds. Perfect for reinforcing your understanding of these chemistry topics.
