Questions and Answers
What determines the strength of a covalent bond?
the amount of overlap for the orbitals involved
A pi bond involves:
Which bond is the shortest?
Which of the following molecules contains an occupied orbital with a node along the internuclear axis?
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Which kind of orbitals can s orbitals overlap with?
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What does the lowest point on a diagram showing the potential energy of two hydrogen atoms represent?
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What does valence bond theory describe?
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What is the strongest bond in a carbon-carbon triple bond?
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What must occur for a pi bond to form?
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Which molecule exhibits sp3 hybridization?
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Which molecule exhibits sp2 hybridization?
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Hybridization was developed to explain observations about what?
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Which statements about hybridization are true?
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What is the hybridization of the oxygen atom in a water molecule?
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What is required for a pi bond to form?
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What is true about the orbitals within a set of hybrid orbitals?
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Which molecule has a central atom that is sp2 hybridized?
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What is the energy of an sp orbital relative to p and s orbitals?
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How many unhybridized p orbitals are around the central atom of beryllium chloride, BeCl2?
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What is the hybridization of carbon in carbon dioxide (CO2)?
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Which molecule has a central atom that is sp3d2 hybridized?
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Which molecule has a central atom that is sp3d2 hybridized?
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Which molecule has a central atom that is sp3d hybridized?
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Of the options given, which has the correct number of s, p, and d orbitals for an octahedral arrangement?
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Hybridization predicts geometry best for what kind of atoms?
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How many unhybridized p orbitals are present on each of the carbon atoms in benzene's resonance structures?
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Which molecule has a nitrogen atom with an sp2 hybridization?
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What type of orbitals are enclosed in the dashed circle in the energy levels diagram for the carbon atom?
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What is the hybridization of carbon in CN−?
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What is the hybridization of the xenon atom in XeF6?
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What is the hybridization of the carbon atom shown in the structure?
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What type of molecular orbital results from the overlap of two 3py orbitals?
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What do molecular orbital diagrams show?
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How many electrons are shown in the molecular orbitals section for O2?
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What type of molecular orbital results from the overlap of two 3px orbitals?
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What type of molecular orbital results from the overlap of two 3px orbitals?
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When lobes of two p orbitals overlap in the same phase, what is the dissociation energy compared to the σ∗ molecular orbital formed from out-of-phase overlap?
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How many electrons are shown in the molecular orbitals section for H2?
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How many molecular orbitals will have an n value of 2?
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What is the maximum bond order possible for a bond between elements in the second row of the periodic table?
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What is the highest occupied molecular orbital for Ne2?
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What does bond order allow us to identify?
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What is the highest occupied bonding orbital for Ne2?
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Which molecule will have the same bond order as H2?
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Which orbitals result in bond stabilization when they are occupied?
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What molecule is illustrated by the following molecular orbital diagram?
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When s−p mixing occurs, which type of orbitals reverse in the order of being filled?
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Study Notes
Covalent Bonds and Hybridization
- Strength of a covalent bond is determined by the amount of overlap of the involved orbitals.
- A pi bond features lateral orbital overlap and includes a node, contributing to bond character.
- Among carbon-oxygen bonds, the carbon-oxygen triple bond is the shortest.
- Certain diatomic molecules like O2 and N2 contain occupied orbitals with nodal planes along the internuclear axis.
- S orbitals can overlap with sp, sp², and sp³ hybridized orbitals to form covalent bonds.
Orbital Interactions and Bond Types
- On a potential energy diagram, the lowest point signifies the ideal bond length between two atoms.
- Covalent bonds can be understood through valence bond theory, which describes them as overlaps of half-filled atomic orbitals.
- The strongest bond in a carbon-carbon triple bond is the sigma bond, characterized by direct orbital overlap.
- For pi bond formation, there must be overlap of unhybridized orbitals, specifically lateral overlap of p orbitals.
Hybridization Types
- Molecules like CCl₄ exhibit sp³ hybridization, while molecules like BH₃ show sp² hybridization.
- Hybridization explains observed bond angles in various molecules; it predicts the geometry best for small atoms.
- Within a set of hybrid orbitals, all orbitals exhibit the same shape and energy.
- Molecules such as BF₃ and IF₅ display different hybridizations (sp² and sp³d² respectively) based on their central atom configurations.
Molecular Orbital Theory
- Molecular orbital diagrams illustrate the relative energy levels of both atomic and molecular orbitals.
- Oxygen (O₂) will show 16 electrons in its molecular orbital diagram.
- For H₂, only 2 electrons are populated in the molecular orbitals section.
- The maximum possible bond order for elements in the second row of the periodic table is 3, indicating triple bonds are feasible.
Important Molecular Orbital Concepts
- The highest occupied molecular orbital for Ne₂ is σ*₂p, an antibonding orbital, while the highest occupied bonding orbital is π₂p.
- Molecular orbitals lead to bond stabilization when bonding orbitals are occupied.
- Certain configurations, such as those illustrated for Be²⁺, indicate structural properties derived from molecular orbital diagrams.
- s−p mixing can alter the filling order of orbitals, reversing the sequence for σ₂p bonding and π₂p bonding orbitals.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge with these flashcards based on Chapter 8 of Knewton Alta. This quiz covers important concepts such as covalent bond strength, pi bonds, and the lengths of carbon-oxygen bonds. Perfect for reinforcing your understanding of these chemistry topics.
