Chemistry Chapter 8 Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What is a chemical reaction?

The process by which one or more substances are changed into one or more different substances with different physical/chemical properties.

Which of the following are indications of a chemical reaction? (Select all that apply)

  • Color change (correct)
  • Production of gas (correct)
  • Formation of a precipitate (correct)
  • Evolution of energy as heat and/or light (correct)

    • What are the diatomic elements?

    H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2

    What is a chemical equation?

    <p>It represents, with symbols and formulas, the identities and relative amounts of the reactants and products in a chemical reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three characteristics of a chemical equation? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Must be balanced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three steps to writing a chemical equation?

    <ol> <li>Write the word equation; 2. Convert this into a formula equation with states of matter; 3. Balance the equation.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the following symbols represent in a chemical equation? Arrow, Down arrow, Up arrow, Delta/Triangle.

    <p>Yields</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it mean when we say chemical equations must satisfy the Law of Conservation of Mass?

    <p>Matter cannot be created or destroyed, so the total number of atoms must remain the same before and after the reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When do we balance an element last?

    <p>If it is in more than one compound on the same side of the equation or if it is by itself.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should you treat polyatomic ions when balancing a chemical equation?

    <p>As a single unit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When do you rewrite water as HOH (hydrogen hydroxide) when balancing an equation?

    <p>When the hydroxide ion and hydrogen are on one side of the equation and water on the other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If it's taking a long time to balance an equation, what should you do?

    <p>Check the formulas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a synthesis reaction?

    <p>When two or more substances combine to form a new compound.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the different types of synthesis reactions? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Metal + Oxygen --&gt; Metal Oxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What two synthesis reactions are good to know?

    <p>N2 + 3H2 --&gt; 2NH3 and NH3 + H2O --&gt; NH4OH.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a decomposition reaction?

    <p>A single compound undergoes a reaction that produces two or more simpler substances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the different types of decomposition reactions? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Metal + Nonmetal --&gt; Salt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a single displacement reaction?

    <p>One element replaces a similar element in a compound.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the types of single displacement reactions? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Replacement of a nonmetal by a nonmetal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For what type of reaction do you use an activity series?

    <p>Single displacement reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a double displacement reaction?

    <p>Ions of two compounds exchange places in an aqueous solution to form two new compounds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What three products can a double displacement reaction produce?

    <ol> <li>Precipitate; 2. Gas; 3. Water.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    What rules are used to predict whether a double displacement reaction will produce a precipitate?

    <p>Solubility Rules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a combustion reaction?

    <p>When a hydrocarbon burns in oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do combustion reactions release?

    <p>Light and heat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a precipitate?

    <p>A solid formed by two liquids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a coefficient in a chemical reaction?

    <p>It tells how many moles of a compound/element are in a reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a reversible reaction?

    <p>A chemical reaction in which the products and reactants can switch.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is electrolysis?

    <p>The process in which an electric current is used to produce a chemical reaction, such as the decomposition of water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Chemical Reactions

    • A chemical reaction transforms one or more substances into different substances with distinct physical and chemical properties, indicating a change of identity.

    Indications of a Chemical Reaction

    • Evolution of energy as heat or light may occur.
    • Production of gas, evidenced by smoke or bubbles, without heat.
    • Formation of a precipitate, a solid generated from mixing two solutions.
    • Observable color change.

    Diatomic Elements

    • Diatomic elements include H₂, N₂, O₂, F₂, Cl₂, Br₂, I₂, forming a "7" on the periodic table.
    • In chemical equations, represent diatomic elements with subscripts only when alone.

    Chemical Equation

    • Represents reactants and products using symbols and formulas, detailing their identities and relative amounts.

    Characteristics of a Chemical Equation

    • Must accurately represent known facts, including states of matter.
    • Requires correct chemical formulas for all reactants and products.
    • Must comply with the Law of Conservation of Mass, meaning mass cannot be created or destroyed.

    Steps to Write a Chemical Equation

    • Begin with a word equation denoting reactants and products.
    • Convert the word equation into a formula equation including states of matter.
    • Balance the equation to ensure conservation of mass.

    Symbols in a Chemical Equation

    • An arrow signifies "yields."
    • A downward arrow indicates a precipitate formation.
    • An upward arrow denotes a gas as a product.
    • A delta or triangle symbolizes heat application.
    • Numbers above the arrow represent reaction pressure (atm) and temperature (°C).
    • A catalyst is denoted by additional formulas above the arrow.

    Balancing Chemical Equations

    • Conservation of mass requires that the total number of atoms at the beginning equals those at the end of a reaction.
    • Balance elements last when they appear in multiple compounds or alone on one side.
    • Treat polyatomic ions as single units during balancing.
    • Rewrite water as HOH when hydroxide ions are on one side of the equation and water on the other.
    • Check chemical formulas for accuracy if balancing is difficult.

    Types of Reactions

    • Synthesis Reaction: Two or more substances combine to form a new compound (e.g., A + X → AX).
    • Decomposition Reaction: A single compound breaks down into simpler substances (e.g., AX → A + X).

    Types of Synthesis and Decomposition Reactions

    • Synthesis examples include metal + oxygen forming metal oxide, and nonmetal oxide + water producing acid.
    • Decomposition examples comprise metal carbonate yielding metal oxide and carbon dioxide.

    Single Displacement Reaction

    • Involves one element replacing a similar element in a compound (e.g., A + BX → AX + B).
    • Metal replacement occurs when a metal displaces another in a compound; hydrogen can also be replaced by metals.
    • Nonmetal displacement occurs similarly among nonmetals.

    Double Displacement Reaction

    • Involves ions of two compounds exchanging places to form new compounds (e.g., AX + BY → AY + BX).
    • Common products include precipitate, gas, or water.

    Combustion Reaction

    • A hydrocarbon reacts with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water (e.g., CₓHᵧ(O𝓏) + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O).
    • These reactions release significant energy as light and heat.

    Other Key Concepts

    • A precipitate is a solid formed from the reaction of two liquids.
    • Coefficients indicate the number of moles present in a reaction.
    • Reversible reactions allow switching between reactants and products.
    • Electrolysis involves using electricity to drive a chemical reaction, often leading to the decomposition of compounds like water.

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    Test your knowledge of chemical reactions with these flashcards from Chemistry Chapter 8. Learn key terms and their definitions, including indications of a chemical reaction. Perfect for reviewing before an exam or enhancing your understanding of the subject.

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