Questions and Answers
What is the term for a strong attractive force that exists between atoms in a molecule?
What type of bond is characterized by electrostatic forces between ions of opposite charge?
What is the sharing of electrons between two atoms called?
Covalent bonds
What type of bonding occurs in solid metals with electrons free to move throughout?
Signup and view all the answers
What electrons are involved in chemical bonding?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the chemical symbol for an element that includes a dot for each valence electron called?
Signup and view all the answers
What rule states that atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons until they are surrounded by eight valence electrons?
Signup and view all the answers
Formation of ions is usually very ______
Signup and view all the answers
What is the energy required to completely separate a mole of a solid ionic compound into its gaseous ions?
Signup and view all the answers
Provide the electrostatic energy equation.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the constant κ in electrostatics?
Signup and view all the answers
Lattice energy ______ as the charges on the ions increase and as their radii decrease.
Signup and view all the answers
From which shell do transition metals lose electrons first?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a thermodynamic cycle based on Hess's law that relates lattice energy to enthalpy of formation called?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the random equation about lattice energy?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a representation of covalent bonding in a molecule drawn using Lewis symbols called?
Signup and view all the answers
What do you call a covalent bond involving one electron pair?
Signup and view all the answers
What do you call a covalent bond involving two electron pairs?
Signup and view all the answers
What do you call a covalent bond involving three electron pairs?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the distance between the nuclei of the atoms involved in a bond called?
Signup and view all the answers
Distance between bonded atoms ______ as the number of shared electron pairs increases.
Signup and view all the answers
What element is referred to as the queen in chemistry?
Signup and view all the answers
What pattern of electronegativity exists across a period, and why?
Signup and view all the answers
What pattern of electronegativity exists down a group, and why?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the bond type represented by the value 2-4?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the bond type represented by the value 2-1?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the bond type represented by the value 1-0.4?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the bond type if the value is less than 0.4?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Chemical Bonds
- A chemical bond is a strong attractive force that exists between atoms in a molecule.
- An ionic bond is formed through electrostatic forces between ions of opposite charge.
- Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between two atoms.
- Metallic bonds occur in solid metals where bonding electrons can move freely throughout the structure.
Valence Electrons and Lewis Symbols
- Valence electrons are crucial as they are involved in chemical bonding.
- A Lewis symbol represents an element's chemical symbol with dots indicating valence electrons.
Octet Rule
- The octet rule suggests that atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve eight valence electrons surrounding them.
Lattice Energy
- Lattice energy is the energy required to separate a mole of a solid ionic compound into its gaseous ions.
- The equation for electrostatic energy is Eel=κQ₁Q₂/d, where charges and distance between the ions are considered.
- The constant κ is approximately 8.99 x 10⁹ J-m/C².
- Lattice energy increases with greater ionic charge and smaller ionic radii.
Transition Metals and Ionic Formation
- Transition metals lose electrons from their s shell first.
- The formation of ions is usually an exothermic process.
Born-Haber Cycle
- The Born-Haber Cycle is a thermodynamic framework that relates lattice energy to enthalpy of formation and other measurable quantities.
Lewis Structures and Covalent Bonds
- Lewis structures represent covalent bonding in molecules using Lewis symbols.
- A single bond involves one electron pair, a double bond involves two, and a triple bond involves three electron pairs.
- Bond length refers to the distance between the nuclei of bonded atoms, which decreases as the number of shared electron pairs increases.
Electronegativity Patterns
- Electronegativity increases across a period due to increased effective nuclear charge (Zeff), drawing electrons closer to the nucleus.
- Electronegativity decreases down a group primarily due to increased shielding from inner electrons.
Electronegativity Ranges
- Ionic character: greater than 2.0
- Polar covalent character: between 1.0 and 2.0
- Moderately polar covalent: between 0.4 and 1.0
- Nonpolar covalent: less than 0.4
Electronegativity Highlights
- Fluorine is known as the most electronegative element, often referred to as the "queen" of electronegativity.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge of key concepts from Chapter 8 of Chemistry with these flashcards. The quiz covers various types of chemical bonds including ionic and covalent bonds, along with other bonding concepts. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding of molecular interactions.
