Chemistry Chapter 5: Ionic and Covalent Bonds

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Questions and Answers

What type of bond is formed between calcium and fluorine in calcium fluoride?

Hydrogen bonding

Covalent bonding

Metallic bonding

Ionic bonding (correct)

Which factor contributes to the greater strength of ionic bonding in sodium fluoride compared to potassium fluoride?

The greater electronegativity of potassium

The higher charge of sodium ions

The larger atomic radius of sodium

The smaller size of sodium ions (correct)

Why is the ionic bonding strength in calcium oxide approximately four times greater than that in potassium fluoride?

The molecular mass of potassium fluoride is greater than calcium oxide

Calcium ions have a smaller ionic radius than potassium ions

Calcium has a higher charge than potassium (correct)

Oxygen ions are larger than fluoride ions

What does the term 'polarisation of ions' refer to?

The distortion of the electron cloud of an anion by a cation Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about ionic radii is NOT true?

Ionic radii are always larger for cations than for anions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the electronic configuration of a chlorine atom?

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3px2 3py2 3pz1 Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond is primarily formed when two chlorine atoms bond together?

σ bond Signup and view all the answers

In what circumstance can a π bond form after the creation of a σ bond?

With sufficient orbital overlap Signup and view all the answers

What describes the bonding in a chlorine molecule according to one theory?

The overlap of two sp3 hybrid orbitals Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a π bond formed between atoms?

It creates regions of high electron density above and below the molecule Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond does oxygen (O2) exhibit in its dot-and-cross diagram?

Double bond Signup and view all the answers

In the displayed formula of carbon dioxide (CO2), which represents the bonding structure?

O=C=O Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a triple bond in the dot-and-cross diagram of nitrogen (N2)?

It has three pairs of electrons shared. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the displayed formula of ammonia (NH3)?

H—N—H Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule's dot-and-cross diagram does NOT need to display lone pairs of electrons?

Oxygen (O2) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following molecules contains a double bond?

Oxygen (O2) Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct number of hydrogen atoms in the displayed formula of ammonia (NH3)?

3 Signup and view all the answers

Which option correctly matches the molecule with its bonding type based on the dot-and-cross diagram?

Oxygen - Double bond Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond is formed between the chlorine atom of the second molecule and the aluminium atom of the first molecule?

Dative covalent bond Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a dative covalent bond?

A bond formed when an empty orbital overlaps with a lone pair of electrons from another atom Signup and view all the answers

In the formula for the aluminium dimer, which is the correct representation of the bonding?

One dative bond and one single bond Signup and view all the answers

Which formula correctly represents the AlCl4− ion?

AlCl3 + Cl− Signup and view all the answers

How many covalent and dative bonds are present in a carbon monoxide (CO) molecule?

Two covalent bonds and one dative bond Signup and view all the answers

Which compound features a dative covalent bond in its Lewis structure?

Ammonium ion (NH4+) Signup and view all the answers

What is the geometry of the molecule formed by aluminum dichloride (BeCl2) if each double bond is treated as an electron pair?

Linear Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Bonding and Structure

Atoms combine in various ways, forming different types of bonds, leading to diverse materials with unique properties
Understanding bonding and structure are key to developing new materials, such as electronics and outdoor clothing
Knowledge of molecular shapes is crucial for medicine design and understanding biological processes

Ionic Bonding

Formed by the loss and gain of electrons, creating oppositely charged ions
Ions are held together by strong electrostatic forces, resulting in a giant lattice structure
Ionic compounds generally have high melting points because significant energy is needed to overcome the strong attractions between ions

Covalent Bonding

Formed by the sharing of electron pairs between atoms
Strength of covalent bonds depends on the number of shared electron pairs (single, double, or triple bonds)
Bond lengths and strengths are linked: shorter bonds are generally stronger

Metallic Bonding

Metal ions are arranged in a regular lattice, surrounded by a 'sea' of delocalised electrons
Delocalised electrons allow for excellent electrical and thermal conductivity, high malleability, ductility
High melting temperatures are due to strong electrostatic attractions between fixed cations and the delocalised electrons.

Solid Lattices

Regular arrangements of atoms or ions (metals, ionic compounds, or covalent compounds) extending throughout a large structure
Properties of solids arise from strength and arrangement of forces between atoms/ions
Different types of solids (metallic, ionic, covalent, molecular) exhibit diverse characteristics, including conductivity, melting point, and hardness.

Maths Skills

Use angles and shapes in regular 2D and 3D structures
Visualise and represent 2D and 3D forms using 2D representations of 3D objects
Understand 2D and 3D symmetry

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Description

Test your understanding of bonding concepts in chemistry with this quiz focusing on ionic and covalent bonds, particularly those involving calcium, fluorine, and chlorine. Explore topics like ionic radii, bond strength, and electronic configurations. Challenge yourself to understand the nuances of atomic interactions!