Questions and Answers
What is the best way to measure the efficiency of a reaction?
percent atom economy
Atom economy is
the calculation of the number of atoms conserved in the desired product rather than in waste
Which of the following is/are characteristic(s) of bases?
Foods that are acidic can be identified by their _______ taste.
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What base is formed when lime reacts with water in the soil?
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When added to water, which of the following could produce an acid?
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According to Arrhenius, an acid and a base will react to give
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Many medicines have a bitter taste which manufacturers attempt to disguise. Many medicines are probably
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The bicarbonate ion HCO3- reacts with water to form H2CO3 and OH-. In this reaction, HCO3- is acting as a(n)
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When added to water, which of the following would produce a base?
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Citric acid is produced by oranges. When citric acid dissolves in water, it produces a relatively small number of hydronium ions. Citric acid is best described as a
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Ammonia is classified as a weak base in water. This means that it produces
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Lithium hydroxide is classified as a strong base in water. This means that it produces
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What is the formula for calcium hydroxide?
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When added to water, which of the following would produce a base?
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When added to water, which of the following would produce an acid?
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Hydroiodic acid is classified as a strong acid in water. This means that it produces
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A solution with a pH of 3 has a hydronium ion concentration of
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If a solution has a pH of 6, what is the pOH?
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If the concentration of a dilute solution of potassium hydroxide is 0.001 M, what is the pH of that solution?
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If the concentration of a dilute solution of nitric acid is 0.0001 M, what is the pH of that solution?
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Which of the following pollutants does NOT contribute to acid rain?
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The acid in automobile batteries is
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The formula of aluminum hydroxide is
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What is the cheapest and most widely used commercial base?
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Calculate the hydrogen ion concentration [H+] in an aqueous solution with a pH of 9.85 at 25 degrees C.
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Calculate the pH of a solution that contains 6.25 x 10^-9 M OH- at 25 degrees C. Identify the solution as acidic, basic, or neutral.
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A solution where [H+] = 10^-13 M is ________.
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A solution has [H+] = 5.0 x 10^-8 M. The pH of this solution is
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At 25 degrees C, the pH of a vinegar solution is 2.60. What are the values of [H+] and [OH-] in the solution?
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What does the slightly sour taste of carbonated water hint indicate about its pH?
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Study Notes
Measuring Reaction Efficiency
- Percent atom economy is the best measure of reaction efficiency.
- Atom economy assesses the atoms conserved in desired products versus waste.
Characteristics of Acids and Bases
- All substances classified as bases share common characteristics.
- Acids are identified by a sour taste in foods.
- Typical bases in farming, like lime, reduce soil acidity and are primarily calcium oxide (CaO).
- Strong acids, such as hydroiodic acid, produce 100% hydronium ions (H3O+) in solution.
- Weak acids, like citric acid, produce fewer hydronium ions when dissolved in water.
Chemical Reactions and Products
- Acids and bases react according to Arrhenius's theory to yield salt and water.
- The reaction of bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) with water produces carbonate (H2CO3) and hydroxide ions (OH-), indicating its basic behavior.
- Bases, when added to water, can form hydroxide ions; examples include BaO and Li2O.
- When sulfur dioxide (SO2) or sulfur trioxide (SO3) are introduced to water, they generate acidic solutions.
Properties of Acids and Bases
- Bases typically produce a large amount of hydroxide ions, while weak bases like ammonia yield fewer.
- Strong bases, like lithium hydroxide (LiOH), generate the maximum possible hydroxide ions in solution.
- Common antacids, such as aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3), are classified as bases, providing relief from acidity.
pH and Hydronium Ion Concentrations
- A solution with a pH of 3 has a hydronium ion concentration of 10^-3 M.
- The relationship between pH and pOH ensures that their sum is always 14. For a solution with pH 6, the pOH is 8.
- Potassium hydroxide (KOH) at a concentration of 0.001 M has a pH of 11, indicating basicity, while nitric acid (HNO3) at 0.0001 M has a pH of 4, indicating acidity.
Acid Rain and Pollutants
- Acid rain results from airborne acidic pollutants, excluding ammonia (NH3), which does not contribute to acidity.
Chemical Formulas and Common Compounds
- The formula for calcium hydroxide is Ca(OH)2.
- Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is the acid commonly found in automobile batteries.
- The most widely used commercial base is calcium oxide (CaO).
Ion Concentration Calculations
- A solution with a pH of 9.85 has a hydrogen ion concentration of approximately 1.4 x 10^-10 M.
- A solution with 6.25 x 10^-9 M OH- indicates an acidic pH of 5.80.
- A solution where [H+] is 10^-13 M is classified as basic.
- A concentration [H+] of 5.0 x 10^-8 M equates to a pH of 7.30.
- Vinegar's pH of 2.60 reflects hydrogen ion and hydroxide ion concentrations of 2.51 x 10^-3 M and 3.98 x 10^-12 M, respectively.
Additional Observations
- Carbonated water has a slightly sour taste, indicating a pH lower than 7.00, further confirming its acidic nature.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Test your knowledge of key concepts from Chemistry Chapters 5 and 7. This quiz covers topics such as atom economy, reaction efficiency, and properties of acids and bases. Perfect for reinforcing your understanding through flashcards.
