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What is the best way to measure the efficiency of a reaction?
What is the best way to measure the efficiency of a reaction?
percent atom economy
Atom economy is
Atom economy is
the calculation of the number of atoms conserved in the desired product rather than in waste
Which of the following is/are characteristic(s) of bases?
Which of the following is/are characteristic(s) of bases?
Foods that are acidic can be identified by their _______ taste.
Foods that are acidic can be identified by their _______ taste.
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What base is formed when lime reacts with water in the soil?
What base is formed when lime reacts with water in the soil?
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When added to water, which of the following could produce an acid?
When added to water, which of the following could produce an acid?
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According to Arrhenius, an acid and a base will react to give
According to Arrhenius, an acid and a base will react to give
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Many medicines have a bitter taste which manufacturers attempt to disguise. Many medicines are probably
Many medicines have a bitter taste which manufacturers attempt to disguise. Many medicines are probably
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The bicarbonate ion HCO3- reacts with water to form H2CO3 and OH-. In this reaction, HCO3- is acting as a(n)
The bicarbonate ion HCO3- reacts with water to form H2CO3 and OH-. In this reaction, HCO3- is acting as a(n)
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When added to water, which of the following would produce a base?
When added to water, which of the following would produce a base?
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Citric acid is produced by oranges. When citric acid dissolves in water, it produces a relatively small number of hydronium ions. Citric acid is best described as a
Citric acid is produced by oranges. When citric acid dissolves in water, it produces a relatively small number of hydronium ions. Citric acid is best described as a
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Ammonia is classified as a weak base in water. This means that it produces
Ammonia is classified as a weak base in water. This means that it produces
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Lithium hydroxide is classified as a strong base in water. This means that it produces
Lithium hydroxide is classified as a strong base in water. This means that it produces
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What is the formula for calcium hydroxide?
What is the formula for calcium hydroxide?
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When added to water, which of the following would produce a base?
When added to water, which of the following would produce a base?
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When added to water, which of the following would produce an acid?
When added to water, which of the following would produce an acid?
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Hydroiodic acid is classified as a strong acid in water. This means that it produces
Hydroiodic acid is classified as a strong acid in water. This means that it produces
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A solution with a pH of 3 has a hydronium ion concentration of
A solution with a pH of 3 has a hydronium ion concentration of
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If a solution has a pH of 6, what is the pOH?
If a solution has a pH of 6, what is the pOH?
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If the concentration of a dilute solution of potassium hydroxide is 0.001 M, what is the pH of that solution?
If the concentration of a dilute solution of potassium hydroxide is 0.001 M, what is the pH of that solution?
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If the concentration of a dilute solution of nitric acid is 0.0001 M, what is the pH of that solution?
If the concentration of a dilute solution of nitric acid is 0.0001 M, what is the pH of that solution?
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Which of the following pollutants does NOT contribute to acid rain?
Which of the following pollutants does NOT contribute to acid rain?
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The acid in automobile batteries is
The acid in automobile batteries is
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The formula of aluminum hydroxide is
The formula of aluminum hydroxide is
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What is the cheapest and most widely used commercial base?
What is the cheapest and most widely used commercial base?
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Calculate the hydrogen ion concentration [H+] in an aqueous solution with a pH of 9.85 at 25 degrees C.
Calculate the hydrogen ion concentration [H+] in an aqueous solution with a pH of 9.85 at 25 degrees C.
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Calculate the pH of a solution that contains 6.25 x 10^-9 M OH- at 25 degrees C. Identify the solution as acidic, basic, or neutral.
Calculate the pH of a solution that contains 6.25 x 10^-9 M OH- at 25 degrees C. Identify the solution as acidic, basic, or neutral.
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A solution where [H+] = 10^-13 M is ________.
A solution where [H+] = 10^-13 M is ________.
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A solution has [H+] = 5.0 x 10^-8 M. The pH of this solution is
A solution has [H+] = 5.0 x 10^-8 M. The pH of this solution is
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At 25 degrees C, the pH of a vinegar solution is 2.60. What are the values of [H+] and [OH-] in the solution?
At 25 degrees C, the pH of a vinegar solution is 2.60. What are the values of [H+] and [OH-] in the solution?
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What does the slightly sour taste of carbonated water hint indicate about its pH?
What does the slightly sour taste of carbonated water hint indicate about its pH?
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Study Notes
Measuring Reaction Efficiency
- Percent atom economy is the best measure of reaction efficiency.
- Atom economy assesses the atoms conserved in desired products versus waste.
Characteristics of Acids and Bases
- All substances classified as bases share common characteristics.
- Acids are identified by a sour taste in foods.
- Typical bases in farming, like lime, reduce soil acidity and are primarily calcium oxide (CaO).
- Strong acids, such as hydroiodic acid, produce 100% hydronium ions (H3O+) in solution.
- Weak acids, like citric acid, produce fewer hydronium ions when dissolved in water.
Chemical Reactions and Products
- Acids and bases react according to Arrhenius's theory to yield salt and water.
- The reaction of bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) with water produces carbonate (H2CO3) and hydroxide ions (OH-), indicating its basic behavior.
- Bases, when added to water, can form hydroxide ions; examples include BaO and Li2O.
- When sulfur dioxide (SO2) or sulfur trioxide (SO3) are introduced to water, they generate acidic solutions.
Properties of Acids and Bases
- Bases typically produce a large amount of hydroxide ions, while weak bases like ammonia yield fewer.
- Strong bases, like lithium hydroxide (LiOH), generate the maximum possible hydroxide ions in solution.
- Common antacids, such as aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3), are classified as bases, providing relief from acidity.
pH and Hydronium Ion Concentrations
- A solution with a pH of 3 has a hydronium ion concentration of 10^-3 M.
- The relationship between pH and pOH ensures that their sum is always 14. For a solution with pH 6, the pOH is 8.
- Potassium hydroxide (KOH) at a concentration of 0.001 M has a pH of 11, indicating basicity, while nitric acid (HNO3) at 0.0001 M has a pH of 4, indicating acidity.
Acid Rain and Pollutants
- Acid rain results from airborne acidic pollutants, excluding ammonia (NH3), which does not contribute to acidity.
Chemical Formulas and Common Compounds
- The formula for calcium hydroxide is Ca(OH)2.
- Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is the acid commonly found in automobile batteries.
- The most widely used commercial base is calcium oxide (CaO).
Ion Concentration Calculations
- A solution with a pH of 9.85 has a hydrogen ion concentration of approximately 1.4 x 10^-10 M.
- A solution with 6.25 x 10^-9 M OH- indicates an acidic pH of 5.80.
- A solution where [H+] is 10^-13 M is classified as basic.
- A concentration [H+] of 5.0 x 10^-8 M equates to a pH of 7.30.
- Vinegar's pH of 2.60 reflects hydrogen ion and hydroxide ion concentrations of 2.51 x 10^-3 M and 3.98 x 10^-12 M, respectively.
Additional Observations
- Carbonated water has a slightly sour taste, indicating a pH lower than 7.00, further confirming its acidic nature.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge of key concepts from Chemistry Chapters 5 and 7. This quiz covers topics such as atom economy, reaction efficiency, and properties of acids and bases. Perfect for reinforcing your understanding through flashcards.
