Chemistry Chapter 4 Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy the principal energy level n = 2?

  • 8 (correct)
  • 32
  • 18
  • 2

    • How many subshells are present in the principal energy level n = 3?

  • 3 subshells (correct)
  • 4 subshells
  • 2 subshells
  • 1 subshell

    • Which statement about atomic orbitals is correct?

  • Each f subshell has 5 orbitals.
  • Each p subshell contains 2 orbitals.
  • Each s subshell can hold 6 electrons.
  • Each d subshell can hold 10 electrons. (correct)

    • What is the relationship between quantum numbers and electrons in an atom?

    <p>Quantum numbers uniquely determine each electron's location.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Pauli Exclusion Principle, which of the following statements is true?

    <p>Each electron has a unique set of four quantum numbers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of molarity?

    <p>mol/dm3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a solution that is sparingly soluble?

    <p>Only a small amount of solute dissolves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is percent composition by mass calculated?

    <p>Mass of solute divided by total mass of solution times 100.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the number of moles of solute?

    <p>n = concentration × volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct method to prepare a 70% v/v rubbing alcohol solution?

    <p>Combine 70 mL of isopropyl alcohol with enough water to make up to 100 mL.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding very slightly soluble substances?

    <p>They dissolve in trace amounts only.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For a 12% by weight sodium chloride solution, how much sodium chloride is needed for 200 g of solution?

    <p>24 g of sodium chloride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the concentration of a solution indicate?

    <p>The ratio of solute to solvent in the solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum number of electrons that can be held in the principal energy level n = 3?

    <p>18</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the octet rule, what do atoms typically seek to achieve during a chemical reaction?

    <p>The same number of electrons as the nearest noble gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which quantum number describes the shape of the atomic orbital?

    <p>Subshell (l)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total number of atomic orbitals within the p subshell?

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement regarding electron pairs in atomic orbitals is true?

    <p>They must have opposite spin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes elements with high ionization energies?

    <p>They typically have full inner electron shells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principal energy level can hold a maximum of 2 electrons?

    <p>n = 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the unique state of an electron in an atom?

    <p>Quantum numbers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes a strong electrolyte?

    <p>Dissolves to primarily form ions in solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary result of a precipitation reaction?

    <p>Formation of a solid that separates from a solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an acid-base neutralization reaction, what is produced?

    <p>Water and salt.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a non-electrolyte?

    <p>Dissolves without producing conductive ions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly identifies a characteristic of weak electrolytes?

    <p>They mainly remain as molecules in solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of oxygen in cellular respiration?

    <p>It acts as a strong oxidizing agent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following reactions represents a redox process?

    <p>C6H12O6(s) + 6O2(g) → 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(g)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a solution of NaCl, which ions are present?

    <p>Na+ and Cl-.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the oxidation number of sulfur in SO2?

    <p>+4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the oxidation number (O.N.) of hydrogen is true?

    <p>-1 in compounds with metals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the oxidation number of chlorine in HClO3?

    <p>+5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the reaction H2O2 → 2 H2O + O2, which type of reaction is occurring?

    <p>Disproportionation reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the oxidation number of sulfur in the sulfate ion (SO42-)?

    <p>+6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which species is considered an oxidizing agent in a redox reaction?

    <p>The species that is reduced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the oxidation number of nitrogen in the nitrate ion (NO3-)?

    <p>+5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the oxidation number of oxygen in peroxides?

    <p>-1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mass of ammonia produced when 2480 moles of H2 react completely?

    <p>28 kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Given the balanced equation N2 (g) + 3H2 (g)→2NH3 (g), how many moles of NH3 are produced from 893 moles of N2?

    <p>1790 mol NH3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the reaction with 25 kg of N2 and 5 kg of H2, which reactant is the limiting reagent?

    <p>H2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many moles of H2 are required to completely react with 25 kg of N2?

    <p>2480 moles H2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If 18.1 g of NH3 and 90.4 g of CuO are reacted, what needs to be determined first to find the limiting reagent?

    <p>The number of moles of each reactant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which calculation helps determine the amount of product formed by the limiting reagent?

    <p>Mole ratios from the balanced equation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the molar mass of ammonia (NH3)?

    <p>17 g/mol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If 25 kg of N2 is reacted, what is the total number of moles of N2 calculated?

    <p>893 moles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the order in which the orbitals are filled according to the Aufbau principle?

    <p>1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following electronic configurations corresponds to the element Carbon?

    <p>1s² 2s² 2p²</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For the energy level n=3, which subshells are present and in what order are they filled?

    <p>3s, 3p, 3d</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the 4s and 3d orbitals?

    <p>The 4s orbital is filled before the 3d orbital.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What quantum numbers are unique to an electron and cannot be duplicated?

    <p>All four quantum numbers (n, l, ml, ms)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a symptom of mild radiation sickness?

    <p>Vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method utilizes positron emission to examine brain function?

    <p>PET</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which isotope is primarily used in the production of radiotracers for medical imaging?

    <p>Technetium-99m</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary challenge associated with the use of gamma radiation in cancer treatment?

    <p>Targeting non-cancerous cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which radiation therapy is known for being effective in slowing cancer growth or prompting regression?

    <p>Gamma radiation therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main consequence of exposure to 400-1000 rads of radiation?

    <p>Acute illness and early deaths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is commonly measured using PET scans in patients with Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Glucose metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which isotopes are used in implants for radiation therapy to treat tumors?

    <p>Gold-198 and Strontium-90</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total number of electron pairs available in a polyatomic structure of ammonia (NH3)?

    <p>4 pairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many moles of Na are present in 106 g of sodium carbonate (Na2CO3)?

    <p>2 moles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the atomic radius as you move down the periodic table?

    <p>It increases due to more electron shells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When calculating the molar mass of ethanol (C2H5OH), what is the contribution of carbon?

    <p>24 g</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the ionic radius of metals change upon ionization?

    <p>It becomes smaller as they lose electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the formation of polyatomic structures, which atom typically occupies the central position?

    <p>The atom with the lowest ionization energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many molecules of H2O are contained in 0.1 moles?

    <p>6.022 x 10^21 molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What trend occurs in electronegativity as you move from left to right across the periodic table?

    <p>Electronegativity increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following elements is considered a transition element?

    <p>Fe (Iron)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the electronic configuration of a nitrogen atom in a polyatomic molecule like NH3?

    <p>1s2 2s2 2p3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about moles and Avogadro's number is correct?

    <p>1 mole of a substance contains 6.022 x 10^23 units of that substance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which group of elements would you find actinides and lanthanides?

    <p>f block elements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct molar mass calculation for magnesium oxide (MgO)?

    <p>40 g/mol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of shielding on ionization energy as you move down the periodic table?

    <p>It decreases ionization energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which property is characteristic of transition elements?

    <p>They exhibit ferromagnetism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of noble gases?

    <p>They have a full outer electron shell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the balanced redox reaction involving dichromate, what is the oxidation state of chromium in Cr2O72-?

    <p>6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does Fe2+ play in the reaction with Cr2O72-?

    <p>1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fully balanced equation for the reaction of Al with H+?

    <p>2Al + 6H+ → 2Al3+ + 3H2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the charge balancing of the reaction Sn + 2Fe3+ → Sn2+ + 2Fe2+, what is the total charge on the reactants?

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about redox reactions is false?

    <p>Reducing agents are reduced in the reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the coefficients in the balanced redox equation indicate?

    <p>The number of moles required for the reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the oxidation half-reaction, what does a loss of electrons indicate?

    <p>Oxidation of the species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the dichromate ion's behavior in a redox reaction?

    <p>It acts as an oxidizing agent and gets reduced.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the balanced equation for the reaction involving NH3 and CuO?

    <p>2NH3 (g) + 3CuO (s) → N2 (g) + 3Cu (s) + 3H2O (g)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many moles of N2 are produced when 1.06 mol of NH3 are completely consumed?

    <p>0.530 mol N2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reactant is the limiting reagent when 1.14 mol of CuO and 1.06 mol of NH3 are reacted?

    <p>CuO</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the theoretical yield of N2 in grams when CuO is the limiting reagent?

    <p>10.6 g N2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the percentage yield calculated in a reaction?

    <p>Percentage yield = (Actual yield / Theoretical yield) × 100%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the actual yield of nitrogen produced is 6.63 g, what is the percentage yield based on a theoretical yield of 10.6 g?

    <p>62.5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is necessary to determine before identifying the limiting reagent in a chemical reaction?

    <p>Balancing the chemical equation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What information does the actual yield provide in a chemical reaction?

    <p>It is often less than the theoretical yield.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Atomic Structure

    • Atoms are made up of three particles: neutrons, protons, and electrons.
    • Neutrons and protons are found in the nucleus.
    • Electrons orbit the nucleus.
    • Neutrons have no charge, protons have a positive charge, and electrons have a negative charge.
    • Protons and neutrons have similar masses.
    • Electrons have much less mass than the others, being 1/1836 the mass of a proton.
    • Atomic number (Z) is the number of protons in an atom's nucleus. It defines the element.
    • Mass number (A) is the sum of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus.
    • The number of neutrons is equal to the difference between the mass number and the atomic number ( A - Z).

    Atomic Properties

    • A neutral atom has the same number of protons and electrons.
    • Example: an atom with 6 protons has 6 electrons.
    • Example: an atom with atomic number 29 and mass number 64 has 29 protons, 29 electrons, and 35 neutrons.

    Periodic Table

    • Elements are arranged in a periodic table with increasing atomic number.
    • Elements in the same group have similar chemical properties.
    • Elements in the same period have varying properties.
    • Groups and periods are arranged on the table in trends.
    • The periodic table organizes elements according to atomic structure and properties.
    • Atomic radius increases down a group, and decreases across a period.
    • Ionization energy decreases down a group and increases across a period.
    • Electronegativity increases across a period and decreases down a group.
    • lonic radius increases down a group, and may increase or decrease across a period, depending on the ion and electron loss/gain (ionization).
    • Elements in groups 1, 2, 17, and 18 exhibit trends in chemical reactivity.

    Quantum Numbers

    • Quantum numbers describe properties of electrons in atoms.
    • The principal quantum number (n) describes the electron shell.
    • The azimuthal quantum number (l) describes the electron subshells.
    • The magnetic quantum number (ml) describes the orientation of the electron orbitals.
    • The spin quantum number (ms) describes the electron's spin.

    Shapes of Atomic Orbitals

    • s orbitals are spherical.
    • p orbitals are dumbbell-shaped.
    • d orbitals have more complex shapes.
    • Electron orbitals are regions in space where there is a high probability of finding an electron.
    • Each orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons.

    Electron Configuration

    • Electron configuration shows how electrons are arranged in atomic orbitals.
    • Electrons fill orbitals from lowest energy level to higher energy level.
    • The Aufbau principle provides the order of orbital filling.
    • Hund's rule states that electrons fill orbitals individually before pairing up.

    Chemical Bonding

    • Chemical bonds form when atoms share or transfer electrons.
    • lonic bonds form between atoms with significantly different electronegativities when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another.
    • Covalent bonds form between atoms with similar electronegativities when one or more electron pairs are shared.
    • Drawing Lewis structures represents valence electrons using dots.
    • Lone pairs of electrons are non-bonding electron pairs associated with an atom.

    Types of Chemical Bonds

    • Ionic bonds
    • Covalent bonds
    • Metallic bonds

    Chemical Reactions

    • Chemical reactions involve the rearrangement of atoms in one or more substances.
    • The products of a reaction include the resulting substances.
    • Balanced equations contain equal numbers of each atom on both sides of the equation.
    • Determining the Limiting Reagent identifies the reactant that will be completely consumed first in the reaction.

    Moles

    • Moles represent a fundamental unit of amount in chemistry, numerically equal to Avagadro's constant (6.022 x 10^23).
    • The molar mass of a substance is the mass of one mole of that substance.

    Stoichiometry

    • Stoichiometry is the calculation of relative quantities of reactants and products in a chemical reaction.
    • It relies on balanced chemical equations, and relationships between reactants and products.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on key concepts from Chemistry Chapter 4, focusing on atomic structure, quantum numbers, and solutions. This quiz covers topics such as electron configurations, molarity, and percent composition calculations. Challenge yourself with questions that relate to both theoretical and practical aspects of chemistry.

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