Chemistry Chapter 4 Quiz

<p>Carbon-14 has 6 protons and 8 neutrons. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The number of protons in the nucleus. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbon-12 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are involved in chemical bonds with other atoms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Biological evolution became the driving force for change after chemical evolution. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>These elements are essential for the formation of key biological molecules like water and proteins. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It interacts with water molecules through hydrogen bonding. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water molecules can form hydrogen bonds with charged or polar solutes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The strong attractive force between water molecules due to hydrogen bonds. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ice is less dense than liquid water due to the formation of hydrogen bonds that create a more open crystal structure. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water molecules attract molecules of different substances. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The strong cohesive forces within the water column create a continuous chain that pulls water upward. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The presence of oxygen bubbles in aquatic environments. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The transpiration pull created by the evaporation of water from the leaves. (F)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water molecules have a low molecular weight. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water molecules are constantly forming and breaking apart. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>18 g/mol (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A solution with a high concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It decreases. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To maintain a relatively constant pH. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The formation of ice from liquid water. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chemical reactions always involve the breaking and formation of chemical bonds. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water (H2O) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The products have lower potential energy and are less ordered than the reactants. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The reaction requires continuous external energy input to proceed. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kinetic energy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The strength and length of the bonds are directly related to the position of shared electrons. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, only transferred or transformed. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It suggests that complex molecules spontaneously formed from simple molecules due to increased entropy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To determine if simple molecules could be converted into complex organic compounds under early Earth conditions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It demonstrated that the building blocks for life could have arisen from non-living matter. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>O (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nonpolar covalent bond (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Methane has a tetrahedral shape due to repulsive forces between electrons. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water molecules have a bent shape and are polar. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Valence electrons determine how an atom will bond with other atoms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An anion is a negatively charged atom or molecule. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A covalent bond is formed when electrons are shared unequally between two atoms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polar molecule (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To gain a full valence shell of electrons and become more stable. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbon can form four covalent bonds, allowing it to create a wide variety of structures. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>These molecules have additional bond angles, resulting in intricate three-dimensional structures. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Condensation reactions require water molecules, while hydrolysis reactions release water molecules. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The formation of polymers requires a high concentration of monomers to overcome the thermodynamic tendency for free monomers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To define the chemical behavior and reactivity of the molecule. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lipids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Complex molecules can be spontaneously formed from simple molecules under certain conditions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polymerization involves the assembly of multiple smaller molecules (monomers) into a larger chain. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The leading explanation for the origin of life, involving the formation of complex carbon-based molecules that could replicate.

Hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen are the four types of atoms that constitute the majority of organisms.

Atoms consist of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by negatively charged electrons.

Variants of an element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons, resulting in different masses.

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, defining the element.

The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus.

A unit of mass equal to the mass of a single proton or neutron, used to express atomic mass.

The average of the masses of an element's naturally occurring isotopes, weighted by their abundance.

Unstable isotopes that decay over time.

6.022 × 10²³ particles; mass in grams equals atomic weight.

Energy levels around the nucleus with specific orbitals.

Outermost electron shell; contains valence electrons.

Atoms share electrons to achieve stability.

Strength of an atom's ability to attract electrons.

Uneven sharing of electrons between atoms.

Complete transfer of electrons, resulting in charged ions.

Determined by the geometry of its bonds.

Water is a solvent, essential for life and reactions.

Water has partially charged regions with oxygen negative and hydrogen positive charges.

Weak electrical interactions between water's partial charges that hold molecules together.

Molecules that dissolve in water due to attraction with water's partial charges.

Molecules that do not dissolve in water; typically uncharged and nonpolar.

Attraction between like molecules, causing water molecules to stick together.

Attraction between unlike molecules, allowing water to cling to surfaces.

Cohesive force created by the attraction of water molecules at the surface.

Water is denser as a liquid than as a solid, causing ice to float.

Ice forms a layer on water surfaces, insulating them.

Water requires a lot of energy to increase its temperature due to hydrogen bonding.

Processes where substances are combined or broken down, involving bond changes.

Substances that donate protons (H+) and increase hydronium ion levels in solution.

Substances that accept protons (H+) and reduce hydronium ion levels in solution.

A scale that measures hydrogen ion concentration; lower than 7 is acidic, higher is basic.

The concentration of a solute in a solution measured in moles per liter.

A state where the forward and reverse reactions occur at the same rate and concentrations remain constant.

Reactions that require heat to proceed, absorbing thermal energy from the environment.

Reactions that release thermal energy to the surroundings.

An experimental setup showing complex molecules can form from simple ones using heat and electricity.

Building blocks of proteins formed in Miller’s experiment from simple molecules.

The fundamental building block of life, forming four covalent bonds due to its four valence electrons.

Molecules that contain carbon bonded to other elements, offering diverse shapes.

Large molecules made of smaller subunits (monomers), such as proteins and nucleic acids.

The process of linking monomers together to form polymers.

A reaction where monomers bond, resulting in the production of water.

The reverse reaction of polymerization, where water breaks bonds between monomers.

Capacity to do work or supply heat.

Stored energy based on an object's position or configuration.

Potential energy in molecules to form stronger bonds.

Energy of motion; molecules are in constant movement.

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.

Entropy always increases; systems tend to disorder.

Chemical reactions that proceed without external influence or added energy.

Measure of disorder in a system; higher means more chaos.