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Chemistry Chapter 3 Mastering Flashcards
40 Questions
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Chemistry Chapter 3 Mastering Flashcards

Created by
@MarvelousPascal

Questions and Answers

Each water molecule is joined to _____ other water molecules by ____ bonds.

  • four...polar covalent
  • two...polar covalent
  • four...hydrogen (correct)
  • three...ionic
  • two...hydrogen (correct)

    • The unequal sharing of electrons within a water molecule makes the water molecule _____.

  • change easily from a liquid to gaseous form
  • polar (correct)
  • have a low surface tension
  • ionic
  • hydrophobic

    • The tendency of an atom to pull electrons toward itself is referred to as its _____

    electronegativity

    In this molecule, what type of bond is found between the oxygen and hydrogens?

    <p>polar covalent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these bonds is weakest?

    <p>Hydrogen Bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why isn't this insect drowning?

    <p>Surface tension.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would a good student reply to Dr. Haxton's statement about hydrogen bonds?

    <p>Wrong! Two hydrogen bonds are not in the plane of the atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is part of the explanation for water's high cohesion?

    <p>Both (A) and (B).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Despite its cohesion, water can flow because...

    <p>hydrogen bonds break and re-form rapidly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which answer helps to explain how many hydrogen bonds a water molecule can form?

    <p>Oxygen's valence shell has four orbitals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement must be mentioned in explaining why amphipathic molecules line up at a water surface?

    <p>Polar groups attract one another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dissolving is best described as...

    <p>a mingling of molecules and/or ions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Water is a source of ______________ for chemical reactions in cells.

    <p>Both (A) and (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true of water's tensile strength?

    <p>(A), (B), and (C).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Water has surface tension because...

    <p>hydrogen bonds between surface water molecules resist being stretched.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following helps most to explain why water has a high specific heat?

    <p>A water molecule can make 4 hydrogen bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is important in making it possible to cool yourself by sweating?

    <p>(A), (B), and (C).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Though you add heat, the temperature of boiling water remains constant because...

    <p>it takes energy to break hydrogen bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement helps to explain why ice is less dense than liquid water?

    <p>Both (A) and (B).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The open spaces in water's crystal structure make it possible for...

    <p>aquatic life to exist at the North Pole.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why doesn't oil mix with water?

    <p>Polar molecules attract one another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A solution contains only glycerol and fructose. There is ten times as much glycerol as fructose. Therefore...

    <p>glycerol is the solvent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A solution is aqueous if...

    <p>water is the solvent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A 1 M solution contains...

    <p>one mole of solute per liter of solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the information in the table, which of the following statements are true?

    <p>All of the above.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a neutral solution the concentration of _____.

    <p>hydrogen ions is equal to the concentration of hydroxide ions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the pH of the solution on the right compare with that of the solution on the left?

    <p>The solution on the right is basic relative to the solution on the left.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What name is given to this molecule?

    <p>hydronium ion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did this molecule form?

    <p>A water molecule gained a hydrogen ion from another water molecule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What name is given to this molecule?

    <p>DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is the correct equation for the dissociation of water?

    <p>H2O + H2O ⟷ H3O+ + OH-</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the charge on a hydronium ion?

    <p>1+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the charge on a hydroxide ion?

    <p>1-</p> Signup and view all the answers

    About _____ molecules in a glass of water are dissociated.

    <p>1 in 500,000,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which answer is a true statement about pH values?

    <p>None of the above.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What conditions must be met in order for an aqueous solution to be called "neutral"?

    <p>The concentrations of hydronium and hydroxide ions are equal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Factory smoke has led to acid rain that lowered the pH of a lake to 5.0. What is the H+ concentration in the lake?

    <p>10^(-5) M</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Your tank of swamp fish needs a pH of 5, and the pH is 7 at present. What should you do to the H+ concentration?

    <p>Raise it to 100 times its present value.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a washing machine, the detergent raised the pH to 9.0. The concentration of OH- in the solution is...

    <p>10^(-5) M</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Your tank of alkali fish needs a pH of 8, and the pH is 6 at present. What should you do to the H+ concentration?

    <p>Reduce it to 1/100 of its present value.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Water Molecule Characteristics

    • Each water molecule forms hydrogen bonds with four other water molecules.
    • Water's unequal electron sharing leads to its polar nature, giving oxygen a net negative charge and hydrogens a net positive charge.

    Bond Types

    • The bond between oxygen and hydrogen in a water molecule is identified as a polar covalent bond.
    • Hydrogen bonds are weaker compared to covalent or ionic bonds, leading to unique properties of water.

    Surface Tension and Cohesion

    • Water's high surface tension allows small insects to remain on the surface, a result of cohesive hydrogen bonds.
    • Cohesion in water is largely due to the electronegativity difference between oxygen and hydrogen which allows for hydrogen bonding.

    Water's Behavior and Properties

    • Water can flow because hydrogen bonds break and re-form rapidly, permitting relative movement of water molecules.
    • The specific structure of water enables it to maintain high cohesion and tensile strength, essential for its movement in plants.

    Thermal Properties

    • Water has a high specific heat due to its capacity for forming multiple hydrogen bonds, requiring more energy to change its temperature.
    • During boiling, the temperature remains constant as added energy is used to break hydrogen bonds rather than increase the temperature.

    Ice and Density

    • Ice is less dense than liquid water because of the open lattice structure formed by hydrogen bonds at specific angles, allowing ice to float.
    • The presence of these open spaces in ice facilitates aquatic life to survive beneath frozen surfaces.

    Solutions and Miscibility

    • Water is known as a solvent in aqueous solutions, which contain a higher concentration of water compared to other substances.
    • In solutions, the solute is the minor component while the solvent is the major component.

    pH and Ion Concentrations

    • A neutral solution has equal concentrations of hydrogen ions (H⁺) and hydroxide ions (OH⁻).
    • The pH level affects the concentration of H⁺ ions; for instance, reducing the pH from 7 to 5 entails increasing H⁺ concentration 100 times.

    Key Ionic Species

    • The hydronium ion (H₃O⁺) is formed when a water molecule gains a hydrogen ion, while a hydroxide ion (OH⁻) results from a water molecule losing a hydrogen ion.
    • The dissociation of water can be represented as: H₂O + H₂O ↔ H₃O⁺ + OH⁻.

    Impacts of pH Changes

    • Acid rain can lower the pH of water, affecting its chemistry and living organisms.
    • Detergents can increase the pH in solutions, thus altering the concentration of hydroxide ions based on the pH scale.

    Acid-Base Relationships

    • For each unit change in pH, the concentration of H⁺ ions changes tenfold, affecting biological systems and chemical reactions.
    • The balance between hydronium and hydroxide ions is crucial for maintaining neutral pH in biological systems.

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    Test your knowledge of water molecules and their properties with these flashcards from Chapter 3. Focus on understanding the types of bonds that connect water molecules and the concept of polarity. Enhance your comprehension of fundamental chemistry concepts through interactive learning.

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