Podcast
Questions and Answers
What does oxidation refer to in a chemical reaction?
What does oxidation refer to in a chemical reaction?
- No change in electrons
- Gain of electrons
- Formation of cations
- Loss of electrons (correct)
Reduction can occur without oxidation.
Reduction can occur without oxidation.
False (B)
In the reaction between copper and silver nitrate, what color change is observed in the solution?
In the reaction between copper and silver nitrate, what color change is observed in the solution?
Blue
The copper metal is oxidized and serves as the __________ agent.
The copper metal is oxidized and serves as the __________ agent.
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
What happens to silver cations during the reaction with copper?
What happens to silver cations during the reaction with copper?
A galvanic cell converts chemical energy into electric energy.
A galvanic cell converts chemical energy into electric energy.
What role does copper play in the redox reaction with silver nitrate?
What role does copper play in the redox reaction with silver nitrate?
What is the primary function of the salt bridge in a galvanic cell?
What is the primary function of the salt bridge in a galvanic cell?
Which of the following types of corrosion occurs when different metals are in contact in the presence of an electrolyte?
Which of the following types of corrosion occurs when different metals are in contact in the presence of an electrolyte?
Ag metal immersed in Ag+ solution serves as the anode in a galvanic cell.
Ag metal immersed in Ag+ solution serves as the anode in a galvanic cell.
Aluminum is more prone to corrosion than iron, and this corrosion is typically problematic.
Aluminum is more prone to corrosion than iron, and this corrosion is typically problematic.
What is the term for the degradation of metals by chemical reactions with the environment?
What is the term for the degradation of metals by chemical reactions with the environment?
What is the voltage potential measured for the galvanic cell consisting of copper and silver?
What is the voltage potential measured for the galvanic cell consisting of copper and silver?
At the anode, __________ occurs, leading to a negative charge buildup.
At the anode, __________ occurs, leading to a negative charge buildup.
Crevice corrosion occurs when two pieces of metal touch each other, leaving a small gap or __________ between the metals.
Crevice corrosion occurs when two pieces of metal touch each other, leaving a small gap or __________ between the metals.
Match the types of corrosion with their descriptions:
Match the types of corrosion with their descriptions:
Match each component of a galvanic cell with its correct description:
Match each component of a galvanic cell with its correct description:
Which ions flow into the Ag+ beaker from the salt bridge composed of NH4Cl?
Which ions flow into the Ag+ beaker from the salt bridge composed of NH4Cl?
What is the primary product of corrosion when iron reacts with oxygen?
What is the primary product of corrosion when iron reacts with oxygen?
Oxidation-reduction reactions involve the transfer of electrons between reactants.
Oxidation-reduction reactions involve the transfer of electrons between reactants.
Electrochemical cells operate at standard state conditions with electrolyte concentrations of 1 M.
Electrochemical cells operate at standard state conditions with electrolyte concentrations of 1 M.
What type of electrolyte is needed in a salt bridge?
What type of electrolyte is needed in a salt bridge?
Name one common technique for preventing corrosion.
Name one common technique for preventing corrosion.
What occurs at the cathode in a galvanic cell?
What occurs at the cathode in a galvanic cell?
The cell potential, or electromotive force (EMF), is unrelated to the maximum work obtainable from an electrochemical cell.
The cell potential, or electromotive force (EMF), is unrelated to the maximum work obtainable from an electrochemical cell.
What is the maximum work obtainable from an electrochemical cell expressed as an equation?
What is the maximum work obtainable from an electrochemical cell expressed as an equation?
Without a ______, local charges can build up around electrodes, preventing significant electrode reactions.
Without a ______, local charges can build up around electrodes, preventing significant electrode reactions.
Match the type of corrosion with its characteristic:
Match the type of corrosion with its characteristic:
Which statement is true regarding galvanic corrosion?
Which statement is true regarding galvanic corrosion?
The presence of ionic salts can slow down the corrosion of metals.
The presence of ionic salts can slow down the corrosion of metals.
What substance is required for ion mobility during the corrosion of iron?
What substance is required for ion mobility during the corrosion of iron?
What major goal was achieved by using lithium-ion batteries in the Boeing Dreamliner?
What major goal was achieved by using lithium-ion batteries in the Boeing Dreamliner?
Lithium-ion batteries incorporate lithium in both the anode and cathode.
Lithium-ion batteries incorporate lithium in both the anode and cathode.
Name one reason why lithium-ion batteries have a high energy density.
Name one reason why lithium-ion batteries have a high energy density.
The anode of a lithium-ion battery is primarily made of ______.
The anode of a lithium-ion battery is primarily made of ______.
Match the part of the battery with its material:
Match the part of the battery with its material:
What is the role of the anode in electrolysis?
What is the role of the anode in electrolysis?
The Hall-Heroult process is used to separate aluminum from its oxide through spontaneous reactions.
The Hall-Heroult process is used to separate aluminum from its oxide through spontaneous reactions.
What is the purpose of electroplating?
What is the purpose of electroplating?
In electroplating, the object being coated is referred to as the ______.
In electroplating, the object being coated is referred to as the ______.
Which substance is commonly plated onto electrical devices for its conductive properties?
Which substance is commonly plated onto electrical devices for its conductive properties?
The flow of ions through the solution in electrolysis helps to complete the electrical circuit.
The flow of ions through the solution in electrolysis helps to complete the electrical circuit.
Electrolysis enables the separation of aluminum from its oxide, which is represented by the formula ______.
Electrolysis enables the separation of aluminum from its oxide, which is represented by the formula ______.
What is the potential measured for a copper/silver cell?
What is the potential measured for a copper/silver cell?
Reversing the poles of a battery affects the electrochemical reaction in the battery.
Reversing the poles of a battery affects the electrochemical reaction in the battery.
What is assigned a potential of exactly zero volts?
What is assigned a potential of exactly zero volts?
The SHE is immersed in a 1 M __________ solution.
The SHE is immersed in a 1 M __________ solution.
Which component acts as the reference point for the scale of standard reduction potentials?
Which component acts as the reference point for the scale of standard reduction potentials?
The SHE can act as both an anode and a cathode depending on the galvanic cell arrangement.
The SHE can act as both an anode and a cathode depending on the galvanic cell arrangement.
What is the half-cell notation for the Standard Hydrogen Electrode?
What is the half-cell notation for the Standard Hydrogen Electrode?
Which of the following statements about zinc-air batteries is true?
Which of the following statements about zinc-air batteries is true?
The nickel-metal-hydride battery is an example of a primary battery.
The nickel-metal-hydride battery is an example of a primary battery.
What substance is used as the electrolyte in a lead-acid battery?
What substance is used as the electrolyte in a lead-acid battery?
In a fuel cell, hydrogen is oxidized at the ______.
In a fuel cell, hydrogen is oxidized at the ______.
Match the battery types with their characteristics:
Match the battery types with their characteristics:
What is a major limitation of batteries?
What is a major limitation of batteries?
In electrolysis, the cathode is always negatively charged.
In electrolysis, the cathode is always negatively charged.
What type of electrodes are used in passive electrolysis?
What type of electrodes are used in passive electrolysis?
What is the primary component of an alkaline battery that undergoes oxidation?
What is the primary component of an alkaline battery that undergoes oxidation?
Lithium batteries can be recharged multiple times.
Lithium batteries can be recharged multiple times.
What is the main purpose of a battery?
What is the main purpose of a battery?
In a zinc-air battery, zinc acts as the ______.
In a zinc-air battery, zinc acts as the ______.
Match each type of primary cell with its description:
Match each type of primary cell with its description:
Which statement is true regarding the relationship between cell potential and equilibrium constant?
Which statement is true regarding the relationship between cell potential and equilibrium constant?
An alkaline battery contains a liquid electrolyte.
An alkaline battery contains a liquid electrolyte.
What is the net reaction in an alkaline dry cell battery?
What is the net reaction in an alkaline dry cell battery?
What is the main purpose of the Hall-Heroult refining process?
What is the main purpose of the Hall-Heroult refining process?
The anode in electrolysis is the positive electrode.
The anode in electrolysis is the positive electrode.
What ions are involved in the electroplating of silver?
What ions are involved in the electroplating of silver?
In electroplating, the object being coated is known as the ______.
In electroplating, the object being coated is known as the ______.
Match the following processes with their descriptions:
Match the following processes with their descriptions:
Which of the following is a common outcome of electrolysis in aluminum refining?
Which of the following is a common outcome of electrolysis in aluminum refining?
Electroplating can only be performed with silver.
Electroplating can only be performed with silver.
What drives the nonspontaneous reaction in electrolysis?
What drives the nonspontaneous reaction in electrolysis?
What is a primary advantage of using lithium-ion batteries in the Boeing Dreamliner?
What is a primary advantage of using lithium-ion batteries in the Boeing Dreamliner?
High temperatures do not affect the degradation of lithium-ion batteries.
High temperatures do not affect the degradation of lithium-ion batteries.
What role do lithium ions play in the anode of a lithium-ion battery?
What role do lithium ions play in the anode of a lithium-ion battery?
The cathode in a lithium-ion battery primarily consists of __________ oxide.
The cathode in a lithium-ion battery primarily consists of __________ oxide.
Match the following components of lithium-ion batteries with their descriptions:
Match the following components of lithium-ion batteries with their descriptions:
What is the unit of current in an electric circuit?
What is the unit of current in an electric circuit?
Using Faraday's constant, the number of moles of electrons that pass through a circuit can be calculated.
Using Faraday's constant, the number of moles of electrons that pass through a circuit can be calculated.
What is the energy cost in kilowatt-hours for a process running at 15.0 A for 2 hours if the utility charges $0.0500 per kWh?
What is the energy cost in kilowatt-hours for a process running at 15.0 A for 2 hours if the utility charges $0.0500 per kWh?
Electricity consumption is typically measured in kilowatt-________.
Electricity consumption is typically measured in kilowatt-________.
How long does an electrolysis cell operating at 2.30 A need to run to deposit a specific mass of gold?
How long does an electrolysis cell operating at 2.30 A need to run to deposit a specific mass of gold?
What is the formula to find the charge in electrolysis with known current and time?
What is the formula to find the charge in electrolysis with known current and time?
Flash electroplating involves low current and long time.
Flash electroplating involves low current and long time.
Which type of corrosion occurs evenly over a large surface area of a metal?
Which type of corrosion occurs evenly over a large surface area of a metal?
Iron oxide corrosion product flakes off from the surface of iron.
Iron oxide corrosion product flakes off from the surface of iron.
What is the main component of aluminum oxide that protects aluminum from further corrosion?
What is the main component of aluminum oxide that protects aluminum from further corrosion?
The degradation of metals by chemical reactions with the environment is known as ______.
The degradation of metals by chemical reactions with the environment is known as ______.
Match the types of batteries with their characteristics:
Match the types of batteries with their characteristics:
What is one technique for preventing corrosion?
What is one technique for preventing corrosion?
In a galvanic cell, what occurs at the anode?
In a galvanic cell, what occurs at the anode?
Crevice corrosion occurs when two metals are in direct contact without any gap.
Crevice corrosion occurs when two metals are in direct contact without any gap.
What happens to copper metal when it interacts with silver cation in silver nitrate solution?
What happens to copper metal when it interacts with silver cation in silver nitrate solution?
The reducing agent in the redox reaction between copper and silver nitrate is the silver cation.
The reducing agent in the redox reaction between copper and silver nitrate is the silver cation.
What ion is responsible for the blue color observed in the silver nitrate solution after the reaction with copper occurs?
What ion is responsible for the blue color observed in the silver nitrate solution after the reaction with copper occurs?
In a galvanic cell, the process of converting __________ energy into electrical energy occurs through spontaneous reactions.
In a galvanic cell, the process of converting __________ energy into electrical energy occurs through spontaneous reactions.
Match the following terms with their corresponding definitions:
Match the following terms with their corresponding definitions:
What must occur concurrently in an oxidation-reduction reaction?
What must occur concurrently in an oxidation-reduction reaction?
In the formation of silver metal from silver cation, the reaction shows silver accepting two electrons.
In the formation of silver metal from silver cation, the reaction shows silver accepting two electrons.
What is formed on the surface of the copper wire when it is placed in silver nitrate solution?
What is formed on the surface of the copper wire when it is placed in silver nitrate solution?
What happens to the measured potential when the cathode is connected to the positive terminal of the voltmeter?
What happens to the measured potential when the cathode is connected to the positive terminal of the voltmeter?
The SHE is always considered the anode when the measured potential is negative.
The SHE is always considered the anode when the measured potential is negative.
What reaction occurs at the cathode in a galvanic cell?
What reaction occurs at the cathode in a galvanic cell?
A positive standard reduction potential indicates that the half-reaction proceeds as __________.
A positive standard reduction potential indicates that the half-reaction proceeds as __________.
Match the half-reaction sign with its corresponding description:
Match the half-reaction sign with its corresponding description:
What occurs if the leads of the voltmeter are reversed?
What occurs if the leads of the voltmeter are reversed?
What must be true about one of the half-reactions in an electrochemical cell?
What must be true about one of the half-reactions in an electrochemical cell?
Standard reduction potentials are listed as oxidations in tables.
Standard reduction potentials are listed as oxidations in tables.
What is a primary cell?
What is a primary cell?
Lithium batteries are often used in medical devices like pacemakers.
Lithium batteries are often used in medical devices like pacemakers.
What is the function of the anode in an alkaline battery?
What is the function of the anode in an alkaline battery?
In zinc-air batteries, zinc is the ______.
In zinc-air batteries, zinc is the ______.
Match the following types of batteries with their characteristics:
Match the following types of batteries with their characteristics:
What happens to the equilibrium constant as the cell potential increases?
What happens to the equilibrium constant as the cell potential increases?
An alkaline battery is called a dry cell because its electrolyte is in liquid form.
An alkaline battery is called a dry cell because its electrolyte is in liquid form.
What is the primary composition of an alkaline battery's cathode?
What is the primary composition of an alkaline battery's cathode?
What is the main reactant for zinc-air batteries?
What is the main reactant for zinc-air batteries?
The lead-acid storage battery contains an anode made of lead oxide.
The lead-acid storage battery contains an anode made of lead oxide.
Name one advantage of nickel-metal-hydride batteries as rechargeable cells.
Name one advantage of nickel-metal-hydride batteries as rechargeable cells.
In a fuel cell, the products of the cell reaction are continuously _______.
In a fuel cell, the products of the cell reaction are continuously _______.
Which of the following best describes a fuel cell?
Which of the following best describes a fuel cell?
Match the type of electrolysis with its description:
Match the type of electrolysis with its description:
Corrosion has no significant effect on the performance of batteries.
Corrosion has no significant effect on the performance of batteries.
What happens to the electrodes during electrolysis?
What happens to the electrodes during electrolysis?
What are the primary materials used in the electrodes of lithium-ion batteries?
What are the primary materials used in the electrodes of lithium-ion batteries?
A major advantage of lithium-ion batteries is that they perform well at high temperatures.
A major advantage of lithium-ion batteries is that they perform well at high temperatures.
What was a key goal in the design of the Boeing Dreamliner regarding its energy source?
What was a key goal in the design of the Boeing Dreamliner regarding its energy source?
Li+/Li has one of the largest standard reduction potentials due to the __________ of lithium.
Li+/Li has one of the largest standard reduction potentials due to the __________ of lithium.
Match the components of a lithium-ion battery with their respective functions:
Match the components of a lithium-ion battery with their respective functions:
What is the function of the salt bridge in a galvanic cell?
What is the function of the salt bridge in a galvanic cell?
The electrode where reduction occurs is called the anode.
The electrode where reduction occurs is called the anode.
The flow of NH4+ into the Ag+ beaker from a salt bridge is meant to offset the removal of __________ from the solution.
The flow of NH4+ into the Ag+ beaker from a salt bridge is meant to offset the removal of __________ from the solution.
Match the following components of a galvanic cell with their roles:
Match the following components of a galvanic cell with their roles:
Which ions flow into the Cu2+ beaker from a salt bridge composed of NH4Cl?
Which ions flow into the Cu2+ beaker from a salt bridge composed of NH4Cl?
Before the half-cells are connected, charge build up occurs at the interface between the electrode and the electrolyte.
Before the half-cells are connected, charge build up occurs at the interface between the electrode and the electrolyte.
In the context of galvanic cells, what does the double vertical line '||' denote in cell notation?
In the context of galvanic cells, what does the double vertical line '||' denote in cell notation?
What happens to copper when it is placed in a silver nitrate solution?
What happens to copper when it is placed in a silver nitrate solution?
In a redox reaction, oxidation can occur without reduction.
In a redox reaction, oxidation can occur without reduction.
What is the resulting color of the silver nitrate solution once copper is added?
What is the resulting color of the silver nitrate solution once copper is added?
The process of ______ is when a chemical species gains electrons.
The process of ______ is when a chemical species gains electrons.
What is the role of the copper wire in the redox reaction with silver nitrate?
What is the role of the copper wire in the redox reaction with silver nitrate?
Match each term with its corresponding definition:
Match each term with its corresponding definition:
Which statement is true regarding the half-reactions in the copper-silver redox reaction?
Which statement is true regarding the half-reactions in the copper-silver redox reaction?
What does a galvanic cell convert into electric current?
What does a galvanic cell convert into electric current?
What does a large positive value for the standard reduction potential imply?
What does a large positive value for the standard reduction potential imply?
The half-reaction with the less positive reduction potential is the anode in a galvanic cell.
The half-reaction with the less positive reduction potential is the anode in a galvanic cell.
What is the standard reduction potential for the cathode represented as?
What is the standard reduction potential for the cathode represented as?
A galvanic cell with a negative Gibbs free energy change indicates a __________ process.
A galvanic cell with a negative Gibbs free energy change indicates a __________ process.
In the Nernst equation, what does 'Q' represent?
In the Nernst equation, what does 'Q' represent?
Match each term with its correct definition:
Match each term with its correct definition:
A large negative standard reduction potential indicates that a substance is a good oxidizing agent.
A large negative standard reduction potential indicates that a substance is a good oxidizing agent.
What is the value of the Faraday constant?
What is the value of the Faraday constant?
What is one of the reactants used in a zinc-air battery?
What is one of the reactants used in a zinc-air battery?
Lead-acid batteries utilize lead metal as both the anode and cathode.
Lead-acid batteries utilize lead metal as both the anode and cathode.
What is the primary product of the reaction between hydrogen and oxygen in a fuel cell?
What is the primary product of the reaction between hydrogen and oxygen in a fuel cell?
The process of passing an electric current through an ionic solution is known as __________.
The process of passing an electric current through an ionic solution is known as __________.
Match the following types of batteries with their common uses:
Match the following types of batteries with their common uses:
In a nickel-metal-hydride battery, what reaction occurs at the anode?
In a nickel-metal-hydride battery, what reaction occurs at the anode?
Corrosion only affects the performance of batteries but not their lifespan.
Corrosion only affects the performance of batteries but not their lifespan.
Name one of the limitations of batteries discussed in the content.
Name one of the limitations of batteries discussed in the content.
What happens when the standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) is connected to the positive terminal of a voltmeter?
What happens when the standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) is connected to the positive terminal of a voltmeter?
In a galvanic cell, electrons flow from the cathode to the anode.
In a galvanic cell, electrons flow from the cathode to the anode.
What occurs at the cathode during a redox reaction?
What occurs at the cathode during a redox reaction?
What does a positive standard reduction potential indicate in an electrochemical cell?
What does a positive standard reduction potential indicate in an electrochemical cell?
Reversing the leads of the voltmeter changes the flow of current in the circuit.
Reversing the leads of the voltmeter changes the flow of current in the circuit.
In measuring cell potential, the SHE is connected to the __________ terminal of the voltmeter.
In measuring cell potential, the SHE is connected to the __________ terminal of the voltmeter.
What is the primary component used in an alkaline battery for oxidation?
What is the primary component used in an alkaline battery for oxidation?
What chemical reaction is involved in the functioning of a zinc-air battery?
What chemical reaction is involved in the functioning of a zinc-air battery?
The thermodynamic relationship between cell potential and the equilibrium constant can be expressed using the equation: E = ______.
The thermodynamic relationship between cell potential and the equilibrium constant can be expressed using the equation: E = ______.
Match the following battery types with their characteristics:
Match the following battery types with their characteristics:
Which statement about batteries is true?
Which statement about batteries is true?
The equilibrium constant decreases as the cell potential increases.
The equilibrium constant decreases as the cell potential increases.
What is the purpose of a galvanic cell?
What is the purpose of a galvanic cell?
What is the primary role of the copper metal in the reaction with silver nitrate?
What is the primary role of the copper metal in the reaction with silver nitrate?
In a galvanic cell, oxidation and reduction reactions occur simultaneously.
In a galvanic cell, oxidation and reduction reactions occur simultaneously.
What color change is observed in the silver nitrate solution when copper wire is placed in it?
What color change is observed in the silver nitrate solution when copper wire is placed in it?
The species that is reduced in a redox reaction is known as the __________ agent.
The species that is reduced in a redox reaction is known as the __________ agent.
How many electrons does Ag+ gain to become silver metal?
How many electrons does Ag+ gain to become silver metal?
Copper loses two electrons to form Cu2+ ions in the solution.
Copper loses two electrons to form Cu2+ ions in the solution.
What byproduct forms on the surface of the copper wire during the reaction with silver nitrate?
What byproduct forms on the surface of the copper wire during the reaction with silver nitrate?
What is the main purpose of a salt bridge in a galvanic cell?
What is the main purpose of a salt bridge in a galvanic cell?
The anode of a galvanic cell is where reduction occurs.
The anode of a galvanic cell is where reduction occurs.
What is measured as the voltage potential for a copper/silver galvanic cell?
What is measured as the voltage potential for a copper/silver galvanic cell?
The electrode where __________ occurs is known as the cathode.
The electrode where __________ occurs is known as the cathode.
Match the following components of a galvanic cell with their respective roles:
Match the following components of a galvanic cell with their respective roles:
What will flow into the Ag+ beaker from a salt bridge composed of NH4Cl during operation?
What will flow into the Ag+ beaker from a salt bridge composed of NH4Cl during operation?
The half-reaction involving Cu metal occurs in a separate half-cell from the reaction involving Ag metal.
The half-reaction involving Cu metal occurs in a separate half-cell from the reaction involving Ag metal.
What is required for an electrochemical cell to be in standard state conditions?
What is required for an electrochemical cell to be in standard state conditions?
What is the relationship between EMF and the maximum work obtainable from an electrochemical cell?
What is the relationship between EMF and the maximum work obtainable from an electrochemical cell?
The presence of a salt bridge can prevent the buildup of local charges around electrodes.
The presence of a salt bridge can prevent the buildup of local charges around electrodes.
What occurs to the charge of the cathode during reduction?
What occurs to the charge of the cathode during reduction?
For the corrosion of iron, water is needed for ______ mobility between the anodic and cathodic regions.
For the corrosion of iron, water is needed for ______ mobility between the anodic and cathodic regions.
Match the type of corrosion with its description:
Match the type of corrosion with its description:
What is a major factor that speeds up the corrosion reaction?
What is a major factor that speeds up the corrosion reaction?
In a galvanic cell, what is the role of the anode?
In a galvanic cell, what is the role of the anode?
Oxidation occurs at the cathode in an electrochemical cell.
Oxidation occurs at the cathode in an electrochemical cell.
What role does the cathode play in a galvanic cell?
What role does the cathode play in a galvanic cell?
A negative cell potential indicates that the SHE is functioning as the cathode.
A negative cell potential indicates that the SHE is functioning as the cathode.
What is the effect of reversing the leads of a voltmeter on the reading?
What is the effect of reversing the leads of a voltmeter on the reading?
When the half-reaction is written as oxidation, the sign of the cell potential must be __________.
When the half-reaction is written as oxidation, the sign of the cell potential must be __________.
Match the following terms with their meanings:
Match the following terms with their meanings:
Which of the following statements is true regarding half-reactions in electrochemistry?
Which of the following statements is true regarding half-reactions in electrochemistry?
Standard reduction potentials are always measured with the SHE at the negative terminal.
Standard reduction potentials are always measured with the SHE at the negative terminal.
Define the term 'Standard Hydrogen Electrode' (SHE).
Define the term 'Standard Hydrogen Electrode' (SHE).
What does a large, positive value for the standard reduction potential indicate about a substance?
What does a large, positive value for the standard reduction potential indicate about a substance?
The cathode in a galvanic cell corresponds to the half-reaction with the less positive reduction potential.
The cathode in a galvanic cell corresponds to the half-reaction with the less positive reduction potential.
In nonstandard conditions, the cell potential can be calculated using the __________ equation.
In nonstandard conditions, the cell potential can be calculated using the __________ equation.
At what concentration of H+ does the cell potential need to be calculated as per the example provided?
At what concentration of H+ does the cell potential need to be calculated as per the example provided?
Match the following terms with their associated values:
Match the following terms with their associated values:
Corrosion has a positive Gibbs free energy change.
Corrosion has a positive Gibbs free energy change.
What happens to the value of Gibbs free energy when the cell potential is positive?
What happens to the value of Gibbs free energy when the cell potential is positive?
What is the primary purpose of the Hall-Heroult process?
What is the primary purpose of the Hall-Heroult process?
During electrolysis, the anode is the negative electrode.
During electrolysis, the anode is the negative electrode.
What ions are present in the solution used for electroplating silver?
What ions are present in the solution used for electroplating silver?
What role does carbon play in the Hall-Heroult process?
What role does carbon play in the Hall-Heroult process?
Electrolysis is a spontaneous process.
Electrolysis is a spontaneous process.
What is one benefit of silver electroplating on electrical devices?
What is one benefit of silver electroplating on electrical devices?
Study Notes
Chapter 13: Electrochemistry
- Corrosion is the degradation of metals by chemical reactions with the environment
- Uniform corrosion occurs evenly across a large portion of a metal's surface
- Galvanic corrosion occurs when two different metals contact each other in the presence of an electrolyte
- Crevice corrosion occurs when two pieces of metal touch each other, creating a small gap or crevice between them
- Different metals corrode differently
- Aluminum has a higher tendency to corrode than iron, but aluminum oxide forms a protective layer
- Iron oxide corrosion product flakes off, exposing fresh iron to corrosion
- Corrosion occurs in various forms, including uniform and crevice corrosion
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions and Galvanic Cells
- Special conditions are needed for iron to react with oxygen to form iron(III) oxide
- Rust formation is a slow process
- Reactions transferring electrons between reactants are redox reactions
- Oxidation is the loss of electrons
- Reduction is the gain of electrons
- For a redox reaction, one reactant must be oxidized and one must be reduced
- Oxidation cannot occur without reduction
- When copper wire is placed in a silver nitrate solution, a redox reaction occurs
Oxidation-Reduction and Half-Reactions
- The solution's blue color indicates copper(II) ions in solution
- Copper(II) forms when a copper atom loses two electrons
- The copper metal is oxidized
- Silver forms on the surface of the copper wire when a silver cation gains an electron
- The silver cation is reduced
- For the reaction between silver cation and copper metal, two half-reactions are written: one for copper's oxidation and one for silver's reduction
- Neither half-reaction can occur without the other
- The half-reactions need to balance the electrons transferred
- Adding the half-reactions together, cancel out the electrons to get the net reaction
- The species undergoing oxidation is a reducing agent
- The species undergoing reduction is an oxidizing agent
Building a Galvanic Cell
- A galvanic cell is any electrochemical cell where a spontaneous reaction produces an electric current
- To harness electricity from a galvanic cell, each half-reaction is prepared in separate half-cells in a galvanic cell
- Cu metal immersed in Cu2+ solution is one half-cell
- Ag metal immersed in Ag+ solution is the other half-cell
- A salt bridge allows ions to flow between each half-cell, completing the circuit
- Current flows through the migration of ions in solution
- The salt bridge contains a strong electrolyte that allows either cations or anions to migrate to maintain charge neutrality
- A metal wire cannot transport ions
Terminology for Galvanic Cells
- Electrodes are the electrically-conducting sites where oxidation or reduction occurs
- The electrode where oxidation occurs is the anode
- The electrode where reduction occurs is the cathode
- Cell notation lists the metals and ions involved in the reaction
- A vertical line (|) denotes a phase boundary
- A double vertical line (||) denotes a salt bridge
- The anode is written on the left, the cathode on the right
Standard Reduction Potentials
- To compare oxidation-reduction trends of species in electrochemistry, half-cell potentials are written as reductions
- A table of standard reduction potentials lists the potential of any half-reaction when connected to a standard hydrogen electrode (SHE)
- All materials are 1 M for aq species and 1 atm for gases
- Although half-reactions are listed as reductions, one half reaction in any electrochemical cell must be an oxidation
- The cell potential sign must change when writing the half-reaction as an oxidation
- All potentials are measured with a SHE connected to the positive terminal
- A positive voltage means the SHE is the anode, the oxidation site
- A negative voltage means the SHE is the cathode, the reduction site
- The tendency for a reaction to be oxidation or reduction depends on the reduction potential
- A large, positive value implies a substance is reduced readily and a good oxidizing agent
- A large, negative value implies a substance is oxidized readily and a good reducing agent
- For a galvanic cell, the half-reaction with the more positive reduction potential is the cathode, the one with the more negative reduction potential is the anode
- The standard reduction potential is calculated from the reduction potentials of the cathode and anode
Nonstandard Conditions
- The cell potential at nonstandard conditions is calculated by the Nernst equation
- The reaction quotient is Q, Faraday's constant is F, and the number of electrons transferred is n
Example Problems
- Multiple example problems are provided involving calculations involving electrochemistry
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