Questions and Answers
What is chemistry?
Is the science that deals with the composition, structure, and properties of matter and how matter changes under different conditions.
What is the difference between organic and inorganic chemistry?
Organic chemistry is the study of substances that contain the element carbon, while inorganic chemistry studies substances that do not contain carbon but may contain hydrogen.
What is matter?
Matter is any substance that occupies space and has mass (weight).
What is an element?
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What are atoms?
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Explain the difference between elemental molecules and compound molecules.
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Name and describe the three states of matter.
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What are the physical and chemical properties of matter?
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What is the difference between physical and chemical change?
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Explain oxidation-reduction (redox).
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Explain pure substances and physical mixtures.
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What are the differences among solutions, suspensions, and emulsions?
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Define pH and the pH scale.
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Study Notes
Chemistry Fundamentals
- Chemistry studies the composition, structure, properties of matter, and matter's transformations under varying conditions.
- Organic chemistry focuses on carbon-containing compounds, while inorganic chemistry studies substances lacking carbon, potentially including hydrogen.
Matter and Elements
- Matter is any substance with mass that occupies space, existing as solids, liquids, or gases with distinct physical and chemical properties.
- An element is the simplest form of chemical matter that cannot be simplified further without losing identity.
Atoms and Molecules
- Atoms are the fundamental units of elements, representing the smallest chemical components.
- Elemental molecules consist of two or more atoms of the same element (e.g., O2), while compound molecules are combinations of different elements (e.g., sodium chloride).
States of Matter
- Solids have a fixed shape and volume.
- Liquids possess a definite volume but adapt to the shape of their container.
- Gases have neither fixed volume nor shape and will fill their container entirely.
Properties of Matter
- Physical properties can be observed without chemical changes (e.g., state of matter).
- Chemical properties can only be assessed through reactions (e.g., effects of hydrogen peroxide on hair color).
Changes in Matter
- Physical changes involve alterations in form or physical properties without creating new substances (e.g., application of temporary hair color).
- Chemical changes involve transformations in compositional makeup of substances (e.g., oxidation of hair color).
Redox Reactions
- Oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions involve an oxidizing agent being reduced by oxygen loss, while the reducing agent is oxidized by gaining oxygen.
Pure Substances vs. Physical Mixtures
- Pure substances consist of matter in fixed proportions, having unique properties (e.g., distilled water).
- Physical mixtures combine matter in varying ratios (e.g., salt water).
Types of Mixtures
- Solutions are stable mixtures of two or more substances (e.g., salt water).
- Suspensions are unstable mixtures with undissolved particles (e.g., oil and vinegar salad dressings).
- Emulsions combine immiscible substances with an agent that stabilizes them (e.g., hand lotion).
pH and Acidity
- pH stands for potential hydrogen, measuring acidity and alkalinity on a scale from 0 to 14.
- A pH of 7 indicates neutrality, values below 7 are acidic, and values above 7 are alkaline.
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Description
Test your knowledge with these review questions on Chapter 12 of chemistry. Learn about the fundamental concepts, including the difference between organic and inorganic chemistry. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding of chemical principles.