Chemistry Chapter 12 Review Questions

Questions and Answers

What is chemistry?

Is the science that deals with the composition, structure, and properties of matter and how matter changes under different conditions.

What is the difference between organic and inorganic chemistry?

Organic chemistry is the study of substances that contain the element carbon, while inorganic chemistry studies substances that do not contain carbon but may contain hydrogen.

What is matter?

Matter is any substance that occupies space and has mass (weight).

What is an element?

Is the simplest form of chemical matter that cannot be broken down into a simpler substance without a loss of identity. Signup and view all the answers

What are atoms?

Are the smallest chemical components (often called particles) of an element. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the difference between elemental molecules and compound molecules.

Elemental molecules contain two or more atoms of the same element, e.g., O2. Compound molecules are a chemical combination of two or more atoms of different elements, e.g., sodium chloride. Signup and view all the answers

Name and describe the three states of matter.

Solid - Rigid; has a fixed shape and volume. Liquid - Definite volume but takes the shape of its container. Gas - No fixed volume or shape; takes the shape and volume of its container. Signup and view all the answers

What are the physical and chemical properties of matter?

Physical properties can be determined without a chemical reaction and do not involve a chemical change (e.g., state of matter), while chemical properties can only be determined by a chemical reaction (e.g., hair color and hydrogen peroxide). Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between physical and chemical change?

Physical change is a change in the form or physical properties without a chemical reaction (e.g., temp hair color), while chemical change involves a change in chemical composition (e.g., oxidation of hair color). Signup and view all the answers

Explain oxidation-reduction (redox).

Is a chemical reaction where the oxidizing agent is reduced by losing oxygen and the reducing agent is oxidized by gaining oxygen. Signup and view all the answers

Explain pure substances and physical mixtures.

Pure substances are a chemical combination of matter in definite proportions with unique properties (e.g., distilled water). Physical mixtures are combinations of matter in any proportions (e.g., salt water). Signup and view all the answers

What are the differences among solutions, suspensions, and emulsions?

Solution - a stable mixture of two or more substances (e.g., salt water). Suspension - unstable mixtures of undissolved particles in a liquid (e.g., oil and vinegar). Emulsion - an unstable mixture combined with a special ingredient for stability (e.g., hand lotion). Signup and view all the answers

Define pH and the pH scale.

pH is the abbreviation for potential hydrogen. The pH scale measures acidity and alkalinity, ranging from 0-14, where 7 is neutral, higher is alkaline, and lower than 7 is acidic. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Chemistry Fundamentals

Chemistry studies the composition, structure, properties of matter, and matter's transformations under varying conditions.
Organic chemistry focuses on carbon-containing compounds, while inorganic chemistry studies substances lacking carbon, potentially including hydrogen.

Matter and Elements

Matter is any substance with mass that occupies space, existing as solids, liquids, or gases with distinct physical and chemical properties.
An element is the simplest form of chemical matter that cannot be simplified further without losing identity.

Atoms and Molecules

Atoms are the fundamental units of elements, representing the smallest chemical components.
Elemental molecules consist of two or more atoms of the same element (e.g., O2), while compound molecules are combinations of different elements (e.g., sodium chloride).

States of Matter

Solids have a fixed shape and volume.
Liquids possess a definite volume but adapt to the shape of their container.
Gases have neither fixed volume nor shape and will fill their container entirely.

Properties of Matter

Physical properties can be observed without chemical changes (e.g., state of matter).
Chemical properties can only be assessed through reactions (e.g., effects of hydrogen peroxide on hair color).

Changes in Matter

Physical changes involve alterations in form or physical properties without creating new substances (e.g., application of temporary hair color).
Chemical changes involve transformations in compositional makeup of substances (e.g., oxidation of hair color).

Redox Reactions

Oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions involve an oxidizing agent being reduced by oxygen loss, while the reducing agent is oxidized by gaining oxygen.

Pure Substances vs. Physical Mixtures

Pure substances consist of matter in fixed proportions, having unique properties (e.g., distilled water).
Physical mixtures combine matter in varying ratios (e.g., salt water).

Types of Mixtures

Solutions are stable mixtures of two or more substances (e.g., salt water).
Suspensions are unstable mixtures with undissolved particles (e.g., oil and vinegar salad dressings).
Emulsions combine immiscible substances with an agent that stabilizes them (e.g., hand lotion).

pH and Acidity

pH stands for potential hydrogen, measuring acidity and alkalinity on a scale from 0 to 14.
A pH of 7 indicates neutrality, values below 7 are acidic, and values above 7 are alkaline.

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Description

Test your knowledge with these review questions on Chapter 12 of chemistry. Learn about the fundamental concepts, including the difference between organic and inorganic chemistry. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding of chemical principles.