Questions and Answers
What is viscosity?
A measure of the resistance of a liquid to flow, which is affected by the size and shape of particles, and generally increases as the temperature decreases and as intermolecular forces increase.
What explains the behavior of solids and liquids?
Kinetic Molecular Theory
What do intermolecular forces affect?
Viscosity, surface tension, cohesion, and adhesion.
How are crystalline solids classified?
Signup and view all the answers
When does matter change phase?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the boiling point?
Signup and view all the answers
What is condensation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is deposition?
Signup and view all the answers
What is evaporation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the freezing point?
Signup and view all the answers
What is melting point for a crystalline solid?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a phase diagram?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the triple point?
Signup and view all the answers
What is vaporization?
Signup and view all the answers
What is vapor pressure?
Signup and view all the answers
When are states of a substance referred to as phases?
Signup and view all the answers
When do energy changes occur?
Signup and view all the answers
What is an allotrope?
Signup and view all the answers
What is an amorphous solid?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a crystalline solid?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a surfactant?
Signup and view all the answers
What is surface tension?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a unit cell?
Signup and view all the answers
What are intermolecular forces?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a dipole-dipole force?
Signup and view all the answers
What are dispersion forces?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a hydrogen bond?
Signup and view all the answers
Which are stronger, intramolecular or intermolecular forces?
Signup and view all the answers
What explains the different properties of solids, liquids, and gases?
Signup and view all the answers
What explains the expansion, diffusion, exertion, compression, and pressure of gases?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the unit used to report air pressure?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a barometer?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Viscosity and Phase Changes
- Viscosity: Measures resistance of liquids to flow; influenced by particle size, shape, temperature, and intermolecular forces.
- Phase Changes: Occur when energy is added or removed, leading to transitions between solid, liquid, and gas states.
- Freezing Point: Temperature at which a liquid becomes a crystalline solid; melting point is the opposite.
Intermolecular Forces and Properties
- Intermolecular Forces: Includes dispersion forces, dipole-dipole forces, and hydrogen bonds; essential for determining states of matter at specific temperatures.
- Surface Tension: Energy needed to increase liquid surface area; affected by intermolecular forces.
- Cohesion and Adhesion: Intermolecular forces also impact these phenomena, influencing how substances interact with each other.
Types of Solids
- Crystalline Solids: Characterized by orderly geometric arrangements of atoms, ions, or molecules; can be classified by shape and composition.
- Amorphous Solids: Lack regular patterns; formed when molten material cools quickly, preventing crystal formation.
- Allotropes: Different structural forms of the same element in the same state, exhibiting distinct properties.
Gas Behavior and Kinetic Molecular Theory
- Kinetic Molecular Theory: Describes the behavior of solids, liquids, and gases based on particle movement and energy. Explains properties like expansion, diffusion, and pressure in gases.
- Vaporization: An energy-requiring process in which a liquid transitions to a gas; evaporation occurs specifically at the liquid's surface.
- Vapor Pressure: Pressure exerted by vapor above a liquid; increases with temperature.
Phase Diagrams and Critical Points
- Phase Diagram: Graph depicting phases of a substance (solid, liquid, gas) related to pressure and temperature.
- Triple Point: Specific conditions where solid, liquid, and gas phases coexist.
- Condensation and Deposition: Energy-releasing processes transforming gas to liquid (condensation) or gas to solid (deposition) without passing through the liquid phase.
Additional Key Terms
- Surfactant: Compounds, like soap, that reduce surface tension in liquids by disrupting hydrogen bonds between water molecules.
- Unit Cell: Smallest repeating structural unit in a crystal lattice that reflects the symmetry of the whole crystal.
- Barometer: Instrument for measuring atmospheric pressure, often used to understand weather patterns.
- Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures: Relates to the behavior of gases and how different gases exert their own pressures within a mixture.
- Atmospheric Pressure (atm): Standard unit for reporting air pressure.
Strength of Forces
- Intramolecular vs. Intermolecular Forces: Intramolecular forces, which hold atoms together within a molecule, are stronger than intermolecular forces.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Explore essential concepts from Chemistry Chapter 12 with our flashcards. Learn key terms like viscosity and the Kinetic Molecular Theory, which explain the behavior of solids and liquids. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding of these important chemistry topics.