40 Questions
What is the function of a catalyst in a chemical reaction?
A catalyst speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed by the reaction.
What is the charge on an ion formed by a Group 1 metal, such as sodium?
1+
What is the difference between a nitride and a nitrate ion?
A nitride ion, N3-, has no oxygen in its formula, whereas a nitrate ion, NO3-, has oxygen in its formula.
What is the general equation for the reaction between an acid and a metal?
Acid + metal → Salt + Hydrogen
What is the formula for the compound formed by the reaction between iron(III) and fluoride?
FeF3
What is the charge on a copper ion in copper(II) oxide?
2+
What is the name of the ion formed by the compound hydrogen carbonate?
HCO3-
What is the general equation for the reaction between an acid and a carbonate?
Acid + carbonate → Salt + Carbon Dioxide + Water
What is the arrangement of carbon atoms in graphite?
Layers of hexagonal rings, held together with weak forces similar to intermolecular forces.
How are carbon atoms arranged in a diamond?
In a giant three-dimensional cage structure made of repeating tetrahedra.
What is the characteristic of the fullerene structure?
A ball-like structure composed of hexagons and heptagons.
What is the arrangement of carbon atoms in graphene?
Hexagonal rings of carbon atoms in a single layer.
What is the shape of carbon atoms in nanotubes?
Hexagonal rings of carbon atoms all rolled up into a tube.
What type of bonding is responsible for holding C60 molecules together in solid C60?
weak intermolecular forces
How many bonds do each carbon atom have in graphite?
3
Does diamond have electrical conductivity?
No
What is the reason for the low melting point of solid C60?
The weak intermolecular forces between C60 molecules
What type of structure is formed by metal atoms in a metallic element?
Giant Metallic Structure/Lattice
What is the melting point of graphene?
3652 - 3697 °C (sublimes)
What is the difference between a pure metal and an alloy?
An alloy is a mixture of metallic elements with other elements
What type of bonding is characteristic of ionic compounds such as NaCl and CuSO4?
Electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions
What is the bonding arrangement in a molecule of CO2?
Simple Molecules with covalent bonds
What is the arrangement of carbon atoms in diamond?
Each carbon atom is covalently bonded to 4 others in a giant covalent structure
What is the arrangement of carbon atoms in graphite?
Layers of carbon atoms in a hexagonal arrangement
What is the characteristic of high electrical conductivity in a solid/liquid?
Delocalised electrons in the structure are free to move throughout the structure
Why do ionic compounds not conduct electricity as solids?
Ions are fixed in position, unable to carry charge
What happens to the ions in ionic compounds when they are molten or dissolved in water?
The ions are free to move and carry charge
What is a characteristic of metals?
Soft, malleable, ductile
What makes ionic crystals hard?
Strong bonds between ions in all directions
What is characteristic of graphite?
Soft - Weak forces between layers
What happens when you hit an ionic crystal?
The structure of the crystal is disrupted, causing the ions to repel each other
Why are diamond crystals very hard?
Strong bonds in a regular pattern lead to hard crystals
What are the two essential conditions for a reaction to occur between reactant particles?
The reactant particles must collide with sufficient energy (activation energy) and correct orientation.
How does an increase in the concentration of reactants affect the rate of reaction?
It increases the number of particles per unit volume, leading to more frequent collisions and a higher reaction rate.
What is the effect of raising the temperature on the rate of reaction, and why is this the case?
Raising the temperature increases the kinetic energy of particles, resulting in more frequent collisions and a greater proportion of collisions with energy equal to or greater than the activation energy.
How does increasing the surface area of a solid reactant affect the rate of reaction?
It exposes more particles to collisions, leading to more frequent collisions and a higher reaction rate.
What is the role of a catalyst in a chemical reaction, and how does it achieve this?
A catalyst provides an alternative reaction pathway with a lower activation energy, increasing the rate of reaction without being consumed in the process.
What is the characteristic of ionic bonds that results in high melting and boiling points?
Strong electrostatic attractions between oppositely charged ions.
Why are ionic compounds often soluble in water?
Due to the strong electrostatic attractions between oppositely charged ions.
What is the percentage yield formula, and what does it represent?
The percentage yield formula is (actual yield / theoretical yield) × 100%, and it represents the percentage of the theoretical yield that is actually obtained.
Study Notes
Catalysts
- Examples: Catalase, Amylase, Iron in the Haber process
Charges on Ions
- Group 1 metals form 1+ ions (e.g. Na+)
- Group 2 metals form 2+ ions (e.g. Ca2+)
- Group 3 metals form 3+ ions (e.g. Al3+)
- Transition metals can form multiple ions (e.g. Cu+ and Cu2+)
- The charge is indicated in the name with roman numerals (e.g. copper (II) oxide, Cu2+ ions)
Compound Ions
- Hydroxide: OH-
- Sulphate: SO42-
- Nitrate: NO3-
- Carbonate: CO32-
- Hydrogencarbonate: HCO3-
- Ammonium: NH4+
Salts
- General equations:
- Acid + metal → Salt + Hydrogen
- Acid + carbonate → Salt + Carbon Dioxide + Water
- Acid + base → Salt + Water (neutralization reaction)
- Acid + alkali → Salt + Water
- Acid + metal oxide → Salt + Water
Formulae of Compounds
- Potassium bromide: KBr
- Ammonium phosphate: (NH4)3PO4
- Iron (III) fluoride: FeF3
- Magnesium nitrate: Mg(NO3)2
- Magnesium sulphate: MgSO4
- Lithium carbonate: Li2CO3
- Aluminium chloride: AlCl3
- Copper (II) sulphate: CuSO4
Allotropes of Carbon
- Diamond: giant three-dimensional cage structure, each carbon atom bonded to 4 others
- Graphite: layers of hexagonal rings, weak forces between layers
- Graphene: single layer of hexagonal rings, high electrical conductivity
- Fullerenes: cage-like structure, each carbon atom bonded to 3 others
- Nanotubes: hexagonal rings of carbon atoms rolled up into a tube
Metallic Bonding
- Giant metallic structure/lattice
- Metal atoms are arranged in a regular pattern in layers
- Valence electrons become delocalized, forming positive ions
- Free electrons in the structure are free to move, carrying charge
Ionic Bonding
- Giant ionic lattice
- Electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions
- Properties: high melting and boiling points, often soluble in water
Covalent Bonding
- Simple molecules (e.g. CO2, H2O, SO2, C60)
- Giant covalent structures (e.g. diamond, silicon dioxide, graphite)
Mole
- Definition: the SI unit of measurement used in chemistry to express amounts of a substance
- Percentage yield = (actual yield / theoretical yield) × 100%
Factors Affecting Reaction Rate
- Particle collisions: reactant particles must collide with sufficient energy and correct orientation
- Concentration: increasing concentration increases the number of particles per unit volume, leading to more frequent collisions
- Temperature: raising the temperature increases the kinetic energy of particles, resulting in more frequent collisions
- Surface area: increasing the total surface area of a solid reactant exposes more particles to collisions
- Catalysts: provide an alternative reaction pathway with a lower activation energy, increasing the rate of reaction without being consumed
Learn about different types of catalysts, such as catalase and amylase, and understand how to determine charges on ions, including group 1-7 elements and transition metals.
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