Chemistry: Catalysts and Ion Charges
40 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the function of a catalyst in a chemical reaction?

A catalyst speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed by the reaction.

What is the charge on an ion formed by a Group 1 metal, such as sodium?

1+

What is the difference between a nitride and a nitrate ion?

A nitride ion, N3-, has no oxygen in its formula, whereas a nitrate ion, NO3-, has oxygen in its formula.

What is the general equation for the reaction between an acid and a metal?

<p>Acid + metal → Salt + Hydrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for the compound formed by the reaction between iron(III) and fluoride?

<p>FeF3</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the charge on a copper ion in copper(II) oxide?

<p>2+</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the ion formed by the compound hydrogen carbonate?

<p>HCO3-</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general equation for the reaction between an acid and a carbonate?

<p>Acid + carbonate → Salt + Carbon Dioxide + Water</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the arrangement of carbon atoms in graphite?

<p>Layers of hexagonal rings, held together with weak forces similar to intermolecular forces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are carbon atoms arranged in a diamond?

<p>In a giant three-dimensional cage structure made of repeating tetrahedra.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the fullerene structure?

<p>A ball-like structure composed of hexagons and heptagons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the arrangement of carbon atoms in graphene?

<p>Hexagonal rings of carbon atoms in a single layer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of carbon atoms in nanotubes?

<p>Hexagonal rings of carbon atoms all rolled up into a tube.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bonding is responsible for holding C60 molecules together in solid C60?

<p>weak intermolecular forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many bonds do each carbon atom have in graphite?

<p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

Does diamond have electrical conductivity?

<p>No</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason for the low melting point of solid C60?

<p>The weak intermolecular forces between C60 molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of structure is formed by metal atoms in a metallic element?

<p>Giant Metallic Structure/Lattice</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the melting point of graphene?

<p>3652 - 3697 °C (sublimes)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a pure metal and an alloy?

<p>An alloy is a mixture of metallic elements with other elements</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bonding is characteristic of ionic compounds such as NaCl and CuSO4?

<p>Electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the bonding arrangement in a molecule of CO2?

<p>Simple Molecules with covalent bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the arrangement of carbon atoms in diamond?

<p>Each carbon atom is covalently bonded to 4 others in a giant covalent structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the arrangement of carbon atoms in graphite?

<p>Layers of carbon atoms in a hexagonal arrangement</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of high electrical conductivity in a solid/liquid?

<p>Delocalised electrons in the structure are free to move throughout the structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do ionic compounds not conduct electricity as solids?

<p>Ions are fixed in position, unable to carry charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the ions in ionic compounds when they are molten or dissolved in water?

<p>The ions are free to move and carry charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of metals?

<p>Soft, malleable, ductile</p> Signup and view all the answers

What makes ionic crystals hard?

<p>Strong bonds between ions in all directions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is characteristic of graphite?

<p>Soft - Weak forces between layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when you hit an ionic crystal?

<p>The structure of the crystal is disrupted, causing the ions to repel each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are diamond crystals very hard?

<p>Strong bonds in a regular pattern lead to hard crystals</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two essential conditions for a reaction to occur between reactant particles?

<p>The reactant particles must collide with sufficient energy (activation energy) and correct orientation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does an increase in the concentration of reactants affect the rate of reaction?

<p>It increases the number of particles per unit volume, leading to more frequent collisions and a higher reaction rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of raising the temperature on the rate of reaction, and why is this the case?

<p>Raising the temperature increases the kinetic energy of particles, resulting in more frequent collisions and a greater proportion of collisions with energy equal to or greater than the activation energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does increasing the surface area of a solid reactant affect the rate of reaction?

<p>It exposes more particles to collisions, leading to more frequent collisions and a higher reaction rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a catalyst in a chemical reaction, and how does it achieve this?

<p>A catalyst provides an alternative reaction pathway with a lower activation energy, increasing the rate of reaction without being consumed in the process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of ionic bonds that results in high melting and boiling points?

<p>Strong electrostatic attractions between oppositely charged ions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are ionic compounds often soluble in water?

<p>Due to the strong electrostatic attractions between oppositely charged ions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage yield formula, and what does it represent?

<p>The percentage yield formula is (actual yield / theoretical yield) × 100%, and it represents the percentage of the theoretical yield that is actually obtained.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Catalysts

  • Examples: Catalase, Amylase, Iron in the Haber process

Charges on Ions

  • Group 1 metals form 1+ ions (e.g. Na+)
  • Group 2 metals form 2+ ions (e.g. Ca2+)
  • Group 3 metals form 3+ ions (e.g. Al3+)
  • Transition metals can form multiple ions (e.g. Cu+ and Cu2+)
  • The charge is indicated in the name with roman numerals (e.g. copper (II) oxide, Cu2+ ions)

Compound Ions

  • Hydroxide: OH-
  • Sulphate: SO42-
  • Nitrate: NO3-
  • Carbonate: CO32-
  • Hydrogencarbonate: HCO3-
  • Ammonium: NH4+

Salts

  • General equations:
    • Acid + metal → Salt + Hydrogen
    • Acid + carbonate → Salt + Carbon Dioxide + Water
    • Acid + base → Salt + Water (neutralization reaction)
    • Acid + alkali → Salt + Water
    • Acid + metal oxide → Salt + Water

Formulae of Compounds

  • Potassium bromide: KBr
  • Ammonium phosphate: (NH4)3PO4
  • Iron (III) fluoride: FeF3
  • Magnesium nitrate: Mg(NO3)2
  • Magnesium sulphate: MgSO4
  • Lithium carbonate: Li2CO3
  • Aluminium chloride: AlCl3
  • Copper (II) sulphate: CuSO4

Allotropes of Carbon

  • Diamond: giant three-dimensional cage structure, each carbon atom bonded to 4 others
  • Graphite: layers of hexagonal rings, weak forces between layers
  • Graphene: single layer of hexagonal rings, high electrical conductivity
  • Fullerenes: cage-like structure, each carbon atom bonded to 3 others
  • Nanotubes: hexagonal rings of carbon atoms rolled up into a tube

Metallic Bonding

  • Giant metallic structure/lattice
  • Metal atoms are arranged in a regular pattern in layers
  • Valence electrons become delocalized, forming positive ions
  • Free electrons in the structure are free to move, carrying charge

Ionic Bonding

  • Giant ionic lattice
  • Electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions
  • Properties: high melting and boiling points, often soluble in water

Covalent Bonding

  • Simple molecules (e.g. CO2, H2O, SO2, C60)
  • Giant covalent structures (e.g. diamond, silicon dioxide, graphite)

Mole

  • Definition: the SI unit of measurement used in chemistry to express amounts of a substance
  • Percentage yield = (actual yield / theoretical yield) × 100%

Factors Affecting Reaction Rate

  • Particle collisions: reactant particles must collide with sufficient energy and correct orientation
  • Concentration: increasing concentration increases the number of particles per unit volume, leading to more frequent collisions
  • Temperature: raising the temperature increases the kinetic energy of particles, resulting in more frequent collisions
  • Surface area: increasing the total surface area of a solid reactant exposes more particles to collisions
  • Catalysts: provide an alternative reaction pathway with a lower activation energy, increasing the rate of reaction without being consumed

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Description

Learn about different types of catalysts, such as catalase and amylase, and understand how to determine charges on ions, including group 1-7 elements and transition metals.

More Like This

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser