Chemistry: Catalysts and Haber's Process

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Questions and Answers

What does the arrow (→) signify in a chemical equation?

  • The formation of a gas
  • The addition of a substance
  • The yielding or production of products (correct)
  • The creation of a precipitate

What does the symbol (s) represent in a chemical equation?

  • Solid state (correct)
  • Liquid state
  • Aqueous solution
  • Gas state

In the photosynthesis equation, which substances are produced?

  • Glucose and oxygen (correct)
  • Glucose and carbon dioxide
  • Carbohydrates and carbon dioxide
  • Carbon dioxide and water

What does the symbol (aq) indicate in a chemical equation?

<p>Aqueous solution (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the plus sign (+) used in chemical equations?

<p>To indicate that substances are added or mixed (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the downward arrow (↓) represent in a chemical reaction?

<p>Formation of a precipitate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions applies to a substance designated by the symbol (g)?

<p>The substance is in gas form (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the photosynthesis reaction, what are the reactants?

<p>Carbon dioxide and water (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct balanced equation for the combination of sodium and chlorine gas?

<p>2Na + Cl₂ → 2Cl + Na₂ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the reaction C₄H₁₀ + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O, how many oxygen molecules are needed for complete combustion?

<p>13 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For the balanced reaction 2Al(OH)₃ + 3H₂SO₄ → Al₂(SO₄)₃ + 6H₂O, how many total oxygen atoms are there in the products?

<p>18 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When balancing the equation NaOH + H₂CO₃ → Na₂CO₃ + H₂O, how many sodium atoms are in the reactants?

<p>1 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the reaction Na + Cl₂ → ClNa₂, how many sodium atoms are in the compound formed?

<p>2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many hydrogen atoms are produced in the balanced reaction 2NaOH + H₂CO₃ → Na₂CO₃ + 2H₂O?

<p>4 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does having elements inside parentheses indicate in a chemical formula?

<p>The subscripts inside must be multiplied by outside coefficients. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of incorrectly adding a coefficient without considering subscripts?

<p>It may lead to incorrect stoichiometric calculations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many grams of magnesium oxide (MgO) will be produced from 20L of oxygen gas at standard temperature and pressure?

<p>71.43 g (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct conversion factor for converting grams of magnesium (Mg) to moles?

<p>$\frac{1\ mol\ Mg}{24\ g\ Mg}$ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of multiplying 0.6458 by the factors derived from the reaction?

<p>25.83 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the reaction of magnesium with oxygen, what ratio of magnesium moles to magnesium oxide (MgO) is established?

<p>2:2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the gravitational force acting on MgO is considered, what is its theoretical mass produced from 20L of O₂ at STP?

<p>71.43 g (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the molar mass of O₂?

<p>32 g/mol (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many moles of Mg are produced from 0.8929 mol of O₂?

<p>0.6458 mol Mg (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the molecular mass of MgO?

<p>40 g/mol (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If 20 L of O₂ is used, how many moles of O₂ does this equate to?

<p>0.8929 mol (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the limiting reactant in a reaction involving 0.6458 mol Mg and 0.8929 mol O₂?

<p>Magnesium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

To find the mass of MgO produced, what calculation must be performed?

<p>Moles of O₂ multiplied by the mole ratio then by the molecular mass of MgO (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mass of MgO produced when starting with 20 L of O₂?

<p>71.43 g (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mole ratio of MgO to O₂ in the balanced equation?

<p>2:1 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of a catalyst in a chemical reaction?

<p>To speed up the reaction without being consumed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a positive catalyst?

<p>Manganese Dioxide (MnO₂) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of reaction does the Haber process facilitate?

<p>Synthesis of ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a chemical equation, what do coefficients indicate?

<p>The number of molecules or moles of a substance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the process of adsorption in catalysis?

<p>It allows reactant molecules to attach to the catalyst surface (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do subscripts in a chemical formula denote?

<p>Number of atoms of an element in a molecule (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the reaction represented by 2Mg + O₂ → 2MgO, which is the reactant?

<p>Both B and C (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of an inhibitor on a chemical reaction?

<p>It reduces the rate of reaction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the reactant that is completely consumed in a chemical reaction?

<p>Limiting Reactant (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements correctly describes stoichiometry?

<p>It relates the quantities of reactants and products in a chemical reaction. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in converting grams of Substance A to grams of Substance B?

<p>Identify the molar ratio of the substances. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a student weighs out 15.5g of magnesium for a reaction with oxygen, which step must they complete before determining the stoichiometric quantities?

<p>Balance the chemical equation for the reaction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the molar mass of magnesium ($Mg$)?

<p>24 g/mol (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When converting from grams of one substance to moles of another, how many steps are involved?

<p>Two-step process (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of a balanced equation, what effect does adding a coefficient have on elements involved?

<p>It specifically affects double elements and their associated subscripts. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is molecular mass calculated for a compound containing magnesium and oxygen?

<p>By summing the molar masses of each individual element in the compound. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Catalyst

A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process.

Catalyst - Activator

A catalyst that speeds up a chemical reaction.

Catalyst - Inhibitor

A catalyst that slows down a chemical reaction.

Haber Process

A process using an iron catalyst to produce ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen gases.

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Chemical Equation

A shorthand way to represent a chemical reaction using symbols and formulas.

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Reactants

Substances that are present at the start of a chemical reaction.

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Products

Substances that are formed after a chemical reaction.

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Coefficient

Number Placed before a chemical symbol in a chemical equation.

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Photosynthesis equation

6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ represents the process of photosynthesis.

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Yields/Produces

The arrow (→) in a chemical equation represents the formation of products.

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Solid (s)

Indicates a substance in solid state in chemical equation

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Aqueous Solution (aq)

Indicates a substance is dissolved in water.

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Symbol for 'added'

The plus sign (+) in a chemical equation separates reactants

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Balancing Chemical Equations

The process of adjusting coefficients in a chemical equation to ensure that the number of atoms of each element on the reactant side equals the number of atoms of that element on the product side.

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What are coefficients?

Numbers placed in front of chemical formulas in a balanced chemical equation. They indicate the relative number of molecules or formula units involved in the reaction.

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Subscripts inside parentheses

When elements are enclosed within parentheses, the subscript outside the parentheses applies to all elements inside.

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Subscripts outside parentheses

The subscript outside the parentheses multiplies the subscript of each element inside the parentheses.

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Coefficients and Subscripts

Coefficients affect the number of molecules or formula units, while subscripts indicate the number of atoms within a molecule or formula unit.

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Balancing with Double Elements

When an element appears twice in a single formula, you need to carefully account for both instances to ensure balance.

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Balancing with Plus Signs

You can adjust coefficients in front of individual elements or compounds when there is a '+' sign between them.

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Balancing without Plus Signs

If there's no plus sign between elements, you can only adjust the coefficients in front of the entire molecule or formula unit.

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Stoichiometry Calculation

A step-by-step process to calculate the amount of product formed in a chemical reaction using mole ratios and conversion factors.

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Mole Ratio

The ratio of moles of reactants and products in a balanced chemical equation, representing the proportional relationship between them.

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Conversion Factor

A fraction that helps convert one unit to another, based on a known relationship between them. For example, 1 mole of MgO is equivalent to 40 grams of MgO.

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STP (Standard Temperature and Pressure)

Standard conditions of temperature (0°C or 273K) and pressure (1 atm), which are commonly used for gas measurements and calculations.

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Balanced Chemical Equation

A representation of a chemical reaction where the number of atoms of each element on the reactant side equals the number on the product side.

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Stoichiometry

The branch of chemistry dealing with the quantitative relationships between reactants and products in chemical reactions.

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Limiting Reactant

The reactant that gets completely consumed first in a chemical reaction, thus limiting the amount of product formed.

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Excess Reactant

The reactant that is left over after the limiting reactant is completely consumed.

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Molar Mass

The mass of one mole of a substance, expressed in grams/mole (g/mol).

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Molecular Mass

The sum of the atomic masses of all atoms in a molecule.

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Mol to Mol Conversion

Converting the amount of one substance in moles to the amount of another substance in moles using the molar ratio from a balanced chemical equation.

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Mol to Grams Conversion

Converting the amount of a substance in moles to grams using its molar mass.

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Grams to Grams Conversion

Converting the mass of one substance in grams to the mass of another substance in grams using multiple steps involving moles and molar mass.

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Molar Mass of O

The mass of one mole of oxygen atoms. It is equal to the atomic mass of oxygen expressed in grams per mole (g/mol).

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Convert Liters (L) to Moles

To convert liters of a gas to moles, divide the volume in liters by the molar volume of a gas at standard temperature and pressure (STP), which is 22.4 L/mol.

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Calculate Mass of Product

To calculate the mass of product formed, you need to: 1) Determine the limiting reactant. 2) Use the mole ratio from the balanced equation to find the moles of product. 3) Multiply the moles of product by its molecular mass to find the mass of product.

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Which reactant is limiting?

The reactant with the smaller number of moles will determine how much product can be formed and is the limiting reactant. The reactant with the larger number of moles is the excess reactant.

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Study Notes

Catalysts

  • A catalyst is a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction, but is not consumed in the process.
  • Catalysts change the rate of reaction, not the position of equilibrium.
  • Activators (positive catalysts) speed up reactions, while inhibitors (negative catalysts) slow them down.
  • Examples of activators include manganese dioxide (MnO2), iron (Fe), and vanadium pentoxide (V2O5).
  • Examples of inhibitors include phosphoric acid (H3PO4), sulfuric acid (H2SO4), and alcohols (e.g., methanol, ethanol).

Haber's Process

  • The Haber process uses an iron catalyst to produce ammonia (NH3) from nitrogen (N2) and hydrogen (H2) gases.
  • The catalyst provides a surface where N2 and H2 molecules can adsorb and react.
  • This process facilitates the breakdown of the strong triple bond in nitrogen, allowing combination with hydrogen.
  • High temperatures (400-500°C) and pressures (150-250 atm) are needed for the reaction to occur efficiently.

Chemical Equations

  • Chemical equations are shorthand representations of chemical reactions, using symbols and formulas.
  • Equations have reactants (starting materials) and products (resulting substances).
  • Chemical formulas indicate the elements and quantities of atoms in compounds.

Chemical Equation Symbols

  • '+' indicates reactants or products are mixed/added
  • '→' indicates the direction of the reaction (yields, produces)
  • '↓' indicates a precipitate (solid formed in a solution)
  • '↑' indicates a gas is formed
  • (s) designates a solid substance
  • (l) designates a liquid substance
  • (g) designates a gaseous substance
  • (aq) designates a substance dissolved in water (aqueous solution)
  • Δ indicates that heat is supplied to the reaction

Balancing Chemical Equations

  • The law of conservation of mass dictates that the mass of reactants must equal the mass of products.
  • Balancing equations involves adjusting coefficients to ensure the number of each atom type is the same on both sides of the equation.
  • Balancing equations requires identifying elements, determining subscripts, and adding coefficients where needed. There are steps for balancing equations effectively and easily.

Types of Chemical Reactions

  • Combination/Synthesis: Two or more substances combine to form a single product (A + B → AB).
  • Decomposition: A single substance breaks down into two or more simpler substances (AB → A + B).
  • Single Displacement/Replacement: One element replaces another in a compound (A + BC → AC + B).
  • Double Displacement/Replacement: The positive and negative ions of two compounds exchange places (AB + CD → AD + CB).

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