Chemistry Basics Quiz

Chemistry

• Definition: The branch of science that studies the properties, composition, and structure of substances (matter), the changes they undergo, and the energy associated with those changes.

• States of Matter:

  • Solid: Definite shape and volume.
  • Liquid: Definite volume but takes the shape of its container.
  • Gas: No definite shape or volume and expands to fill its container.

• Atomic Structure:

  • Atoms: Basic units of matter, consisting of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
  • Elements: Pure substances made of only one type of atom.
  • Isotopes: Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.

• Periodic Table:

  • Organized chart of elements based on increasing atomic number.
  • Groups: Vertical columns indicating elements with similar chemical properties.
  • Periods: Horizontal rows indicating energy levels of electrons.

• Chemical Bonds:

  • Ionic Bonds: Formed by the transfer of electrons from one atom to another, resulting in charged ions.
  • Covalent Bonds: Formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms.
  • Metallic Bonds: Characterized by a sea of delocalized electrons around metal cations.

• Chemical Reactions:

  • Reactants: Substances that undergo change.
  • Products: New substances formed as a result of the reaction.
  • Types:
    • Synthesis: Combining elements to form a compound.
    • Decomposition: Breaking down a compound into simpler substances.
    • Single Replacement: One element replaces another in a compound.
    • Double Replacement: Exchange of ions between two compounds.

• Acids and Bases:

  • Acids: Substances that donate protons (H+) in solution, typically have a sour taste.
  • Bases: Substances that accept protons in solution, typically have a bitter taste and slippery feel.
  • pH Scale: Measures acidity/alkalinity, ranging from 0 (acidic) to 14 (basic), with 7 being neutral.

• Stoichiometry:

  • The calculation of reactants and products in chemical reactions.
  • Uses balanced chemical equations to determine ratios.

• Thermochemistry:

  • Study of heat changes during chemical reactions.
  • Endothermic Reactions: Absorb heat from surroundings.
  • Exothermic Reactions: Release heat to surroundings.

• Organic Chemistry:

  • Study of carbon-containing compounds.
  • Key functional groups: Alcohols, Carboxylic acids, Amines, etc.

• Inorganic Chemistry:

  • Study of inorganic compounds, typically excluding carbon-hydrogen bonds.
  • Focuses on metals, minerals, and coordination compounds.

• Biochemistry:

  • Study of chemical processes in living organisms.
  • Important biomolecules: Proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids.

• Analytical Chemistry:

  • Techniques and methods for determining the composition of substances.
  • Methods include titration, chromatography, and spectroscopy.

• Laboratory Safety:

  • Use of personal protective equipment (PPE).
  • Proper handling and disposal of chemicals.
  • Understanding material safety data sheets (MSDS).