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Questions and Answers
What is the charge of a trivalent cation?
What is the charge of a trivalent cation?
Oxygen is a monoatomic molecule.
Oxygen is a monoatomic molecule.
False
Name a polyatomic anion.
Name a polyatomic anion.
Carbonate
Hydrogen's valency is _____ because it can lose or gain one electron.
Hydrogen's valency is _____ because it can lose or gain one electron.
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Match the following ions with their names:
Match the following ions with their names:
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Which law states that mass can neither be created nor destroyed?
Which law states that mass can neither be created nor destroyed?
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According to Dalton's Atomic Theory, atoms of different elements are identical.
According to Dalton's Atomic Theory, atoms of different elements are identical.
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What is the relationship between Dalton's Atomic Theory and the Law of Conservation of Mass?
What is the relationship between Dalton's Atomic Theory and the Law of Conservation of Mass?
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The chemical equation for the reaction of calcium carbonate with carbon dioxide shows that the total mass of the _____ equals the total mass of the _____.
The chemical equation for the reaction of calcium carbonate with carbon dioxide shows that the total mass of the _____ equals the total mass of the _____.
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Match the following scientists with their contributions:
Match the following scientists with their contributions:
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What defines the Law of Constant Proportion?
What defines the Law of Constant Proportion?
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Sub-atomic particles include electrons, protons, and molecules.
Sub-atomic particles include electrons, protons, and molecules.
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Which term describes atoms of different elements that have the same mass?
Which term describes atoms of different elements that have the same mass?
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Diamonds and graphite are examples of isobars.
Diamonds and graphite are examples of isobars.
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What is the smallest atom?
What is the smallest atom?
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The first scientist to use symbols for elements was _______.
The first scientist to use symbols for elements was _______.
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Match the following molecules with their description:
Match the following molecules with their description:
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Which of the following best defines atomicity?
Which of the following best defines atomicity?
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Atoms can only be seen under a scanning tunneling microscope.
Atoms can only be seen under a scanning tunneling microscope.
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Name one example of a noble gas.
Name one example of a noble gas.
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The atomic mass of carbon is defined as _______ atomic mass units.
The atomic mass of carbon is defined as _______ atomic mass units.
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Which of the following is NOT a type of molecule?
Which of the following is NOT a type of molecule?
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Study Notes
Essential Notes on Chemistry
- Matter: Composed of small particles called atoms and molecules. Different atoms and molecules exhibit different properties.
Laws of Chemical Combination
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Law of Conservation of Mass: Mass cannot be created or destroyed during a chemical reaction. The total mass of the reactants equals the total mass of the products.
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Antoine Lavoisier (1774)
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Example: Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) decomposing into Calcium Oxide (CaO) and Carbon Dioxide (CO2); 100g CaCO3 decomposes to 56g CaO + 44g CO2
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Law of Constant Proportion: A chemical compound always contains the same elements in a fixed ratio by mass.
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Joseph Proust (1779)
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Example: Water (H₂O) always contains hydrogen and oxygen in a 1:8 ratio by mass
Dalton's Atomic Theory
- All matter is composed of tiny, indivisible particles called atoms.
- Atoms of the same element are identical in shape, size, mass, and chemical properties.
- Atoms of different elements have different sizes, shapes, masses, and chemical properties.
- Atoms combine in simple whole number ratios to form chemical compounds
- Atoms are neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.
Limitations of Dalton's Atomic theory
- Atoms can be further divided into subatomic particles.
- Atoms of the same element can have slightly different masses.
- Atoms of different elements can have similar masses.
Molecules
- Molecule: A group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds.
- Monatomic: Molecules composed of a single atom (e.g., noble gases).
- Diatomic: Molecules composed of two atoms (e.g., H₂).
- Triatomic: Molecules composed of three atoms (e.g., O₃).
- Polyatomic: Molecules composed of more than three atoms (e.g., H₂O).
Atomicity
- Atomicity of an element is the number of atoms present in one molecule of the element.
- Noble gases (monatomic(e.g., Helium, Argon),
- Metals (e.g., sodium) and nonmetals (e.g., carbon), may exist as polyatomic molecules
Ions
- Cations: Positively charged ions formed by losing electrons.
- Anions: Negatively charged ions formed by gaining electrons.
- Valency: The combining capacity of an element, determined by the number of electrons lost or gained.
Polyatomic Ions
- Polyatomic Ions: Groups of atoms carrying a positive or negative charge.
- Examples includes: Ammonium (NH₄⁺), Nitrate (NO₃⁻), Sulfate (SO₄²⁻), etc.
Atomic Symbols and Formulas
- Chemical symbols (e.g., H for hydrogen, O for oxygen).
- Chemical formulas (e.g., H₂O for water, CO₂ for carbon dioxide).
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Description
Test your knowledge on the fundamental concepts of chemistry, including the laws of chemical combination and Dalton's atomic theory. This quiz covers key principles such as the conservation of mass and the constant proportion law. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding of chemistry.
