Chemistry Basics Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What distinguishes isotopes of the same element?

  • Different chemical properties
  • Different number of electrons
  • Different number of neutrons (correct)
  • Different number of protons

Which scientist is credited with the discovery of the electron?

  • John Dalton
  • Antoine Lavoisier
  • J.J. Thomson (correct)
  • Ernest Rutherford

What does the mass number of an atom represent?

  • The number of protons only
  • The total number of protons and electrons
  • The total number of protons and neutrons (correct)
  • The number of neutrons only

Which of the following is an example of an extensive property?

<p>Volume (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which model of the atom proposed that the atom has a positively charged central nucleus?

<p>Rutherford's model (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these describes a chemical property?

<p>The flammability of gasoline (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a diatomic element?

<p>Carbon (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is an example of a homogeneous mixture?

<p>Salt water (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between mass and weight?

<p>Weight is dependent on gravity, while mass is not (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between a hypothesis and a theory?

<p>A hypothesis is a proposed explanation based on limited evidence, and a theory is a well-substantiated explanation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which law states that elements combine in whole number ratios when forming multiple compounds?

<p>Law of multiple proportions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct name for a binary acid?

<p>It starts with 'hydro' and ends with 'ic'. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct way to name the second element in a binary compound?

<p>Use the stem of the element name and add '-ide' (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a substance made of two or more elements that are chemically bonded together?

<p>Compound (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these options is an example of a number with three significant figures?

<p>3.00 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'molar mass' represent?

<p>The mass of a chemical element or compound (grams) divided by the amount of substance (moles). (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the nucleus in an atom?

<p>To contain protons and neutrons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step when determining the empirical formula of a compound?

<p>Find the mole ratio of each element in the compound. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A compound is found to have an empirical formula of $CH_2$ and a molar mass of 56 g/mol. What is its molecular formula?

<p>$C_4H_8$ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If two liquids are considered 'immiscible', this indicates that they are:

<p>Incapable of mixing or obtaining homogeneity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'atomic radius' refer to regarding an atom?

<p>The distance from the nucleus to the outermost electron shell. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following definitions best describes the periodic law?

<p>When elements are arranged by their atomic numbers, their chemical and physical properties repeat. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Elements in the same group (or family) on the periodic table share which of the following?

<p>Similar chemical properties due to the same number of valence electrons. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is formed when there is a complete transfer of valence electrons between atoms?

<p>Ionic bonds resulting in cations and anions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'S, p, d, f blocks' refer to on the periodic table?

<p>The different types of orbitals that are being filled by electrons. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of a non-polar covalent bond?

<p>Sharing of electrons equally between atoms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor has the LEAST influence on an atom's electronegativity?

<p>The presence of isotopes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a central atom has three electron domains, what is its electron domain geometry?

<p>Trigonal planar with 120° (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which molecular property CANNOT be determined by molecular geometry?

<p>Atomic composition (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of a polar molecule?

<p>One side of the molecule is more positive (or negative) than the other (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle dictates that electrons will fill lower energy orbitals before higher energy orbitals?

<p>Aufbau Principle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes an atom or molecule with one or more open electronic shells?

<p>Valence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Lewis structures, what concept most accurately represents the rule in which atoms gain, lose, or share electrons?

<p>The Octet Rule (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the smallest possible particle of electromagnetic energy that is also considered as the smallest particle of light?

<p>Photon (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the number of times a point on a wave passes a fixed reference point in one second known as?

<p>Frequency (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scientist's model was the first successful model of the atom?

<p>Bohr (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the de Broglie equation calculate for a particle?

<p>The scale at which its wave-like properties become more important. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Heisenberg principle state?

<p>The uncertainty in knowing both the position and momentum of a particle. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Schrödinger's equation help to calculate regarding the hydrogen atom?

<p>The quantization of its energy levels. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Pauli Exclusion Principle, what is the maximum number of electrons can occupy the same orbital?

<p>2 electrons, with opposite spins. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What are isotopes?

Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. They have the same chemical properties but differ in mass and physical properties.

What are diatomic elements?

Pure elements that form molecules made up of two atoms bonded together. Examples include hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, chlorine, iodine, and bromine.

What is the Periodic Law?

The idea that elements with similar properties appear at regular intervals when arranged by atomic number. This is based on the organization of the periodic table.

What is average atomic mass?

The weighted average mass of all the naturally occurring isotopes of an element.

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What is the Plum Pudding Model?

Thomson's model proposed that atoms are positively charged spheres with negatively charged electrons embedded in them, like plums in a pudding.

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What are binary acids?

Acids that contain hydrogen and a nonmetal. They start with 'hydro' and end with 'ic'. Examples: HCl (hydrochloric acid), HBr (hydrobromic acid).

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What are oxyacids?

Acids that contain oxygen and a polyatomic ion. They do not start with 'hydro'. Examples: H2SO4 (sulfuric acid), HNO3 (nitric acid).

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What are hydrates?

A compound that contains water molecules associated with its basic formula. Example: BaCl2 · 2H2O (Barium chloride dihydrate) contains two water molecules for every barium chloride molecule.

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What is a mole?

The SI unit for measuring the amount of substance. It represents 6.022 x 10^23 particles (atoms, molecules, etc.). Example: 1 mole of carbon atoms contains 6.022 x 10^23 carbon atoms.

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What is molar mass?

The mass of one mole of a substance. It is expressed in grams per mole (g/mol). It is the sum of the atomic masses of all atoms in a molecule. Example: The molar mass of water (H2O) is 18.015 g/mol.

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Law of Conservation of Mass

The total mass of the reactants before a chemical reaction will equal the total mass of the products after the reaction.

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What is a Compound?

A substance composed of two or more elements chemically combined in a fixed ratio.

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What is a Solution?

A mixture where components are evenly distributed throughout.

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What is Density?

The ratio of a substance's mass to its volume.

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What is a Cathode Ray Tube?

A vacuum tube used to display images by manipulating electron beams.

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Extensive Property

A property that depends on the amount of matter in a given sample.

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Intensive Property

A property that depends only on the type of matter in a given sample and not on the amount.

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Chemical Change

A change in the chemical makeup of a substance, resulting in the formation of new substances.

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Scientific Theory

A well-substantiated explanation of an aspect of the natural world that can incorporate laws, hypotheses, and facts.

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Hypothesis

A supposition or proposed explanation made on a basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation.

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Non-polar covalent bond

A type of bond where two atoms share a pair of electrons, causing them to stick together and form a molecule.

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Electronegativity

The ability of an atom to attract shared electrons. It's influenced by the atom's size and its desire to grab electrons.

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Electron domain geometry

The arrangement of electron pairs around a central atom in a molecule. It's like the direction the electron pairs point in space.

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Molecular geometry

The 3D arrangement of atoms within a molecule. It affects a molecule's reactivity, boiling point, etc.

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Molecular polarity

A molecule with an uneven distribution of electrons, causing one side to be slightly more positive and the other slightly more negative.

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Bohr Model

A model where electrons orbit the nucleus in stable paths without releasing energy.

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Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle

The principle stating that we can't know both a particle's position and velocity with perfect accuracy.

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Quantum Numbers

A set of four numbers that describe an electron's state within an atom.

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Wave-Particle Duality of Light

Light behaves like a wave and a stream of particles called photons.

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Wavelength

The distance between two identical points on successive waves.

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Aufbau Principle

States that electrons fill lower energy orbitals before filling higher energy ones. This helps predict electron configurations for atoms.

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Frequency

The number of times a point on a wave passes a fixed reference point in one second. Often applied to waves like light and radio.

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Photon

The smallest possible particle of electromagnetic energy. They are also the smallest possible particles of light, and the force carriers for the electromagnetic force.

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Ground State

The lowest energy state of an atomic nucleus, atom, or molecule. This applies to any quantized property of a particle.

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Excited State

When an electron temporarily occupies an energy state greater than its ground state. An electron can become excited if it absorbs a photon, or collides with a nearby atom or particle.

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What is atomic radius?

The distance from the atom's nucleus to the outermost electron shell. It generally decreases across a period (from left to right) due to increasing nuclear charge and increases down a group (from top to bottom) due to the addition of electron shells.

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What is ionization energy?

The energy required to remove one electron from a neutral gaseous atom in its ground state. Ionization energy generally increases across a period (from left to right) due to greater attraction between the nucleus and the outermost electron, and decreases down a group (from top to bottom) due to increasing distance between the nucleus and the outermost electron.

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What is an ionic bond?

A type of chemical bond formed by the complete transfer of valence electrons between atoms, creating positively charged cations (metals) and negatively charged anions (nonmetals).

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What is a crystal lattice?

A repeating three-dimensional pattern of atoms or groups of atoms in a crystal. It is formed by the strong electrostatic forces between oppositely charged ions.

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What is a polar covalent bond?

A type of covalent bond in which electrons are shared unequally between atoms, resulting in a partial positive charge on one atom and a partial negative charge on the other.

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Study Notes

Isotopes

  • Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons
  • Share the same chemical properties
  • Differ in mass and therefore physical properties

Atomic Number

  • Nuclear charge number of an atom
  • Is the number of protons found in the nucleus of an element

Mass Number

  • The total number of protons and neutrons found in the nucleus of an element

Diatomic Elements

  • Pure elements that form molecules consisting of two atoms bonded together
  • Examples: hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, chlorine, iodine, and bromine

Periodic Law

  • Stating that the elements, when listed in order of their atomic numbers (originally atomic weights), exhibit recurring patterns of their chemical and physical properties at regular intervals

Lavoisier (1779)

  • Discovery that matter is neither created nor destroyed

Dalton's Atomic Theory

  • All matter is composed of extremely small particles called atoms
  • Atoms of different elements differ in size, mass, and other properties
  • Atoms of the same element are identical.
  • Atoms of different elements combine in simple whole-number ratios to form chemical compounds
  • Atoms are rearranged, combined, or separated in chemical reactions

JJ Thomson

  • Experiments with cathode ray tubes
  • Showed that atoms contain tiny negatively charged subatomic particles that he called electrons

Rutherford

  • Postulated the nuclear structure of the atom
  • Proposed the laws of radioactive decay
  • Gold foil experiment - Rutherford's gold foil experiment demonstrated that almost all of the mass of an atom is in a tiny volume in the center of the atom; a positively charged nucleus
  • (sometimes called atomic weight)
  • Average atomic mass - Sometimes called the weighted average mass of the element in a naturally occurring sample of the element

Plum Pudding Model

  • First scientific model of the atom
  • Proposed by JJ Thomson after his discovery of the electron in 1897

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Test your knowledge of fundamental chemistry concepts such as isotopes, elements, and atomic structure. This quiz challenges you on topics like properties of matter, chemical compounds, and the differences between mass and weight. Ideal for students studying introductory chemistry.

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