Chemistry: Atoms, Bonds, and Compounds
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Questions and Answers

What effect does hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico primarily have on marine organisms?

  • Causes them to adapt to low oxygen levels
  • Increases their reproductive rates
  • Kills or displaces them (correct)
  • Enhances their growth

    • What type of bond occurs when electrons are shared between atoms?

  • Hydrogen bond
  • Ionic bond
  • Metallic bond
  • Covalent bond (correct)

    • Which of the following best describes an organic compound?

  • Always includes at least one metal ion
  • Lacks carbon altogether
  • Contains only oxygen and nitrogen
  • Consists of covalently bonded carbon atoms (correct)

    • What is the primary function of nucleic acids?

    <p>Direct protein production (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following elements is naturally occurring and counts as one of the 94 identified elements?

    <p>Uranium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which property of water is primarily responsible for its ability to dissolve many substances?

    <p>Hydrogen bonding (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a solution compared to other types of mixtures?

    <p>All ingredients are equally distributed (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pH range of a basic solution?

    <p>Above 7 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about ionic bonds is true?

    <p>Electrons are transferred between atoms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a negative feedback loop, what is the typical outcome?

    <p>The system stabilizes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of compound lacks carbon-to-carbon bonds?

    <p>Inorganic compounds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes how the U.S. government and farmers relate to fertilizer use?

    <p>They debate the necessity to reduce fertilizer use (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which macromolecule is primarily responsible for energy storage in organisms?

    <p>Lipids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes a solution to be classified as acidic?

    <p>High concentration of H+ ions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a positive feedback loop?

    <p>It leads to an increase in system extremes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes lipids from other macromolecules?

    <p>Their non-solubility in water (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the asthenosphere in relation to plate tectonics?

    <p>It is a soft, heated region of the mantle that drives plate movement. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the difference between convergent and divergent plate boundaries?

    <p>Divergent boundaries push plates apart, while convergent boundaries involve plates colliding. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of Earth's inner core?

    <p>Solid metal under immense pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer is directly above the asthenosphere?

    <p>Lithosphere (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary composition of the hydrosphere?

    <p>Saline water in oceans and seas (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of boundary is characterized by plates sliding past each other?

    <p>Transform boundary (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of Earth's water is considered unfrozen fresh water?

    <p>0.5% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes one tectonic plate sliding beneath another?

    <p>Subduction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of nutrient-rich runoff in the Gulf of Mexico?

    <p>Decline in fisheries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately defines an element?

    <p>A substance that cannot be broken down into other substances (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fundamental difference between covalent and ionic bonds?

    <p>Covalent bonds involve electron sharing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary result of collisions between tectonic plates at convergent boundaries?

    <p>Subduction of one plate beneath another (A), Uplift of mountain ranges (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of hydrocarbons?

    <p>They contain both carbon and hydrogen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes a solution?

    <p>A homogeneous mixture with evenly distributed components (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the Earth is characterized as being very hot and mostly solid?

    <p>Mantle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to marine organisms when hypoxia occurs in the Gulf of Mexico?

    <p>They are displaced or die (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of plate boundary is formed when tectonic plates are pushed apart?

    <p>Divergent (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of Earth's water is classified as salt water?

    <p>97.5% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the transfer of electrons resulting in ionic bonding?

    <p>Electron donation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of compound is characterized by having carbon-to-carbon bonds?

    <p>Organic compounds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer is directly above the lower mantle?

    <p>Asthenosphere (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What keeps Earth warm enough to support life?

    <p>Atmosphere (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about mixtures is true?

    <p>Solutions are a type of mixture with equal distribution (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the basic units of matter that form all substances?

    <p>Atoms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process occurs in the asthenosphere that leads to the movement of tectonic plates?

    <p>Convection currents (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the biosphere is true?

    <p>It includes interaction between living and nonliving things. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the outer core of the Earth?

    <p>It is composed of molten metal. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long can it take for groundwater to recharge completely if depleted?

    <p>Hundreds to thousands of years (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do negative feedback loops play in environmental systems?

    <p>They stabilize the functioning of a system. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which macromolecule provides both energy and structural support to living organisms?

    <p>Carbohydrates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes water's unique property of cohesion?

    <p>Water molecules stick to each other due to hydrogen bonding. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What pH range indicates an acidic solution?

    <p>Below 6 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of Earth's spheres, which factor is primarily used to define their function?

    <p>The location and interaction of matter and energy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the density of water when it freezes?

    <p>It becomes less dense than liquid water. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the pH scale is accurate?

    <p>The scale measures the concentration of hydrogen ions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which macromolecule is characterized as not being soluble in water?

    <p>Lipids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary consequence of positive feedback loops in environmental systems?

    <p>Acceleration of extreme changes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which property of water is responsible for its resistance to temperature changes?

    <p>High specific heat capacity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    What is an element?

    A substance that cannot be broken down into other substances.

    What is an atom?

    The basic unit of matter.

    What is a molecule?

    Two or more atoms joined by covalent bonds.

    What is a compound?

    A substance composed of atoms of two or more different elements.

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    What is covalent bonding?

    Electrons are shared between atoms.

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    What is ionic bonding?

    Electrons are transferred between atoms.

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    What is the difference between organic and inorganic compounds?

    Organic compounds consist of covalently bonded carbon atoms and often include hydrogen. Inorganic compounds lack carbon-to-carbon bonds.

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    What are mixtures and solutions?

    Mixtures are combinations of elements, molecules, or compounds not bonded chemically. Solutions are mixtures with equally distributed ingredients.

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    What is the Earth's crust?

    The thin, cool, rocky outer layer of Earth.

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    What is the Earth's mantle?

    The very hot, mostly solid layer of Earth beneath the crust.

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    What is the Earth's core?

    The innermost layer of Earth, composed of molten metal (outer core) and solid metal (inner core).

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    What is the lithosphere?

    The rigid outer layer of Earth, composed of the crust and the uppermost part of the mantle.

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    What is the asthenosphere?

    The soft, middle layer of the mantle, heated by the outer core.

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    What are divergent plate boundaries?

    Boundaries where tectonic plates move apart, allowing magma to rise and form new crust.

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    What are transform plate boundaries?

    Boundaries where tectonic plates slide past each other horizontally, causing earthquakes.

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    What are convergent plate boundaries?

    Boundaries where tectonic plates collide, resulting in subduction (one plate slides under the other) or mountain building (both plates uplift).

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    Macromolecules

    Large organic molecules essential for life, including proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids.

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    Proteins

    A macromolecule that serves many functions, including enzymes.

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    Nucleic Acids

    A macromolecule that directs protein production, including DNA and RNA.

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    Carbohydrates

    A macromolecule that provides energy and structure, including sugars, starch, and cellulose.

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    Lipids

    A macromolecule that is not soluble in water, including fats, waxes, and hormones.

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    Water

    A molecule essential for all living things, with unique properties due to hydrogen bonding.

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    pH

    A measure of acidity or alkalinity of a solution, with a neutral pH of 7.

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    Interacting Systems

    A process where inputs of energy, information, and matter interact, regulated by feedback loops.

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    Study Notes

    Gulf of Mexico's Dead Zone

    • Nutrient-rich runoff causes plankton blooms and hypoxia (low oxygen levels).
    • Hypoxia kills or displaces marine organisms, impacting fisheries and the fishing industry.
    • US government and farmers debate reducing fertilizer use.
    • Distance between nitrogen/phosphorus source and dead zone can complicate management.

    Atoms and Elements

    • Atoms are the basic unit of matter.
    • Nucleus contains protons and neutrons.
    • Electrons move around the nucleus.
    • Elements are substances that cannot be broken down into other substances.
    • There are 94 naturally occurring and 24 artificially created elements.

    Bonding

    • Atoms combine by bonding.
    • Covalent bonds involve shared electrons.
    • Ionic bonds involve transferred electrons.
    • A molecule is two or more atoms joined by covalent bonds.
    • A compound is a substance composed of two or more different elements.

    Organic and Inorganic Compounds

    • Organic compounds primarily have covalently bonded carbon and often include hydrogen.
    • Hydrocarbons are organic compounds containing only hydrogen and carbon.
    • Inorganic compounds lack carbon-carbon bonds.

    Solutions

    • A mixture is a combination of elements, molecules, or compounds that are not bonded chemically.
    • Solutions are mixtures with uniformly distributed ingredients.
    • Mixtures can be solids, liquids, or gases.

    Macromolecules

    • Large organic compounds essential for life.
    • Proteins perform various functions, including enzyme activity.
    • Nucleic acids (DNA & RNA) control protein production.
    • Carbohydrates provide energy and structure (sugars, starch, cellulose).
    • Lipids (fats, waxes, hormones) are not soluble in water.

    Water

    • Water is essential for all living organisms.
    • Hydrogen bonding gives water unique properties.
    • Cohesion allows water to resist temperature changes.
    • Water is less dense as a solid than a liquid.
    • Water can dissolve many molecules.

    Acids, Bases, and pH

    • Water molecules separating into ions (H⁺ and OH⁻) creates acidic, basic, or neutral solutions.
    • The pH scale measures acidity or basicity.
    • A pH of 7 is neutral.
    • A pH below 7 is acidic, with a high concentration of H⁺.
    • A pH above 7 is basic, with a high concentration of OH⁻.

    Interacting Systems

    • Earth's interconnected systems use energy, information, and matter.
    • Negative feedback loops stabilize systems, like thermoregulation in humans.
    • Predator-prey cycles are an example of negative feedback.
    • Positive feedback loops drive systems to extremes.

    Spheres of Function

    • Earth's systems are divided into spheres based on location and function.
    • Geosphere: Earth's rocks and minerals.
    • Lithosphere: Crust and uppermost mantle; includes tectonic plates.
    • Asthenosphere: Soft middle mantle, heated by outer core.
    • Lower mantle: Solid rock.
    • Hydrosphere: Earth's water.
    • Atmosphere: Earth's gases.
    • Biosphere: Interacting living and nonliving things.

    The Geosphere

    • The geosphere consists of rocks and minerals.
    • Crust: Earth's outer rocky layer.
    • Mantle: Hot, mostly solid layer beneath the crust.
    • Core: Inner and outer core, including molten metal.

    Plate Tectonics

    • Crust and mantle are divided into tectonic plates.
    • Lithosphere: Crust and uppermost mantle, divided into tectonic plates.
    • Asthenosphere: Soft, heated middle mantle.
    • Convection currents in the asthenosphere move tectonic plates.
    • Plate collisions/separation create landforms.
    • Divergent, transform, and convergent are three major plate boundary types.

    Divergent and Transform Plate Boundaries

    • Divergent boundaries: Magma rises, pushing plates apart, creating new crust .
    • Transform boundaries: Plates slip past each other, causing earthquakes.

    Convergent Plate Boundaries

    • Convergent boundaries: Plates collide, causing subduction (one plate slides under another) or mountain building.

    The Biosphere and Atmosphere

    • Biosphere: The part of Earth that contains living and nonliving things interacting.
    • Atmosphere: Contains gases essential for life, including oxygen and greenhouse gases.

    The Hydrosphere

    • The hydrosphere consists of Earth's water (mostly salt water).
    • Fresh water is a small portion (0.5%) of total water and usable for drinking and irrigation.
    • Earth's fresh water includes surface water and groundwater.

    The Water Cycle

    • The continuous movement of water through the Earth's environment.
    • Involves evaporation, transpiration, precipitation, runoff, infiltration, uptake, and groundwater.

    Nutrient Cycling

    • Matter cycles through the environment.
    • Matter is transformed, not created or destroyed.
    • Nutrients are essential for life processes.
    • Nutrients circulate in biogeochemical cycles.

    The Carbon Cycle

    • Cycles carbon through the environment.
    • Involves photosynthesis, cellular respiration, combustion, and the ocean-atmosphere exchange.
    • Includes the roles of producers, consumers, and decomposers.

    The Phosphorus Cycle

    • Cycles phosphorus through the environment.
    • Involves weathering, erosion, runoff, uptake by plants, and return to the soil and ocean.
    • Includes the roles of producers, consumers, and decomposers.
    • Humans add fertilizers and detergents affecting phosphorus distribution.

    The Nitrogen Cycle

    • Cycles nitrogen through the environment.
    • Involves fixation, nitrification, denitrification, and other processes driven by organisms and human activities.
    • Includes the roles of producers, consumers, and decomposers.
    • Humans influence nitrogen cycling through fossil fuel combustion, agriculture, and industrial emissions.

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    Test your knowledge on the basics of chemistry, covering atoms, elements, and different types of bonding. Explore the distinctions between organic and inorganic compounds while understanding the implications for the Gulf of Mexico's Dead Zone. Perfect for students looking to solidify their grasp on fundamental concepts in chemistry.

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