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Questions and Answers
What is considered the smallest indivisible particle of matter according to John Dalton?
Which subatomic particle was discovered by JJ Thomson?
What charge does an electron carry?
How did JJ Thomson measure the charge to mass ratio of an electron?
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What is the mass of one mole of an electron?
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What effect do cathode rays have when they strike the glass wall of a discharge tube?
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Which particle was discovered by Rutherford based on anode ray experiments?
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What is the mass of a proton in atomic mass units (amu)?
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What happens to electrons' deflection when the voltage is increased?
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Which subatomic particle was discovered by Chadwick in 1932?
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Which model of the atom is referred to as the plum pudding model?
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What characterizes anode rays?
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What is the specific charge of anode rays dependent upon?
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Which particle is a positive electron?
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What determines the identity of an atom?
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What was a significant limitation of Thomson’s Atomic Model?
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What type of particles are mesons?
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Which principle explains the limitations in simultaneously knowing the position and momentum of an electron?
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Which model of the atom introduced the idea of quantized energy levels for electrons?
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What does the term 'atomic number' refer to in atomic structure?
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Which quantum number represents the shape of an electron's orbital?
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Which model describes electrons as having wave-like properties?
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What does the principal quantum number indicate about an electron?
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Which concept provides the foundation for the arrangement of electrons in an atom?
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Study Notes
Actual Yield and Percent Yield
- Actual yield is the measured amount of product obtained from a chemical reaction.
- Percent yield formula: (Actual yield / Theoretical yield) × 100.
Atomic Structure
- John Dalton introduced the atomic theory in 1808, describing atoms as the smallest indivisible particles of matter.
- Atomic radii are approximately 10^(-8) cm.
- Atoms consist of three subatomic particles: electrons, protons, and neutrons.
Electron
- Discovered by J.J. Thomson through cathode rays; named by Stoney.
- Carries a negative charge of -1.6 × 10^(-19) C.
- Mass: 9.11 × 10^(-31) kg; one mole of electrons has a mass of 0.55 mg.
- Characteristics of cathode rays:
- Travel in straight lines, causing fluorescence when striking glass.
- Induce mechanical motion in pinwheels placed in their path.
- Produce X-rays upon hitting metals and are deflected by electric/magnetic fields.
- J.J. Thomson measured the charge-to-mass ratio of the electron (e/me) as 1.758820 × 10^(11) C/kg.
Proton
- Discovered by Rutherford from anode ray experiments.
- Carries a positive charge of +1.6 × 10^(-19) C.
- Mass: 1.007276 u; the specific charge ratio is 9.58 × 10^(-4) C/g.
- Characteristics of anode rays:
- Travel in straight lines with significantly greater mass than electrons.
- Generated in the space between anode and cathode; they can also induce mechanical motion and are deflected by electric and magnetic fields.
Neutron
- Discovered by Chadwick in 1932 as neutral particles.
- Mass: 1.675 × 10^(-24) g or 1.008665 amu.
- Example reaction: 4Be + 42He → 12C + 10n (producing neutrons).
Other Subatomic Particles
- Positron: A positive electron (+1e) discovered by Dirac and Anderson.
- Neutrino and antineutrino: Small mass, no charge, identified by Fermi.
- Mesons: Unstable particles, including pi ions (π +, π −, π 0), discovered by Yukawa and Kemmer.
- Anti-proton: Negative counterpart of proton, discovered by Segre and Weigland.
Thomson's Atomic Model
- Proposed atom as a positive sphere with electrons within; known as the plum pudding model.
- Could not explain results from Rutherford’s scattering experiments.
Rutherford’s Nuclear Model
- Based on α-particle scattering experiments; proposed that:
- Most of the atom is empty space, contradicting Thomson's model.
Key Concepts in Atomic Structure
- Topics include Dalton's Atomic Theory, the Mole Concept, Atomic Mass, and concepts such as Stoichiometry and Quantum Theory (Bohr's model, de-Broglie principle, etc.).
- Related topics in the study of atomic structure include atomic number, mass number, electromagnetic wave theory, and electronic configuration.
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Description
This quiz covers key concepts related to atomic structure, including the history of atomic theory and the calculation of percent yield. Dive into the foundational elements such as atoms, subatomic particles, and their significance in chemistry. Test your understanding of these essential topics and enhance your knowledge in chemistry.
