Chemistry - Key Concepts - Atomic Structure
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Questions and Answers

What distinguishes isotopes of the same element from each other?

  • Same number of electrons
  • Same atomic mass
  • Different number of protons
  • Different number of neutrons (correct)

Which particle in an atom carries a positive charge?

  • Electron
  • Proton (correct)
  • Neutron
  • Ion

How do metal atoms typically form ions?

  • They gain electrons.
  • They lose electrons. (correct)
  • They combine with other metals.
  • They share electrons.

What is the mass of an electron compared to protons and neutrons?

<p>Negligible (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following formulas represents a compound ionic bond?

<p>NaCl (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ion is formed when a non-metal atom gains electrons?

<p>Negative ion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical electron arrangement for an atom with eight electrons in its outer shell?

<p>2, 8 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly represents the hydroxide ion?

<p>OH⁻ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the element of an atom?

<p>The number of protons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ions have the same number of protons and a different number of neutrons compared to their neutral atoms.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the charge of a neutron?

<p>no charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

Atoms in groups 1 and 2 typically _____ electrons to form ions.

<p>lose</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following compound ions with their formulas:

<p>Hydroxide = OH⁻ Nitrate = NO₃⁻ Sulfate = SO₄²⁻ Carbonate = CO₃²⁻</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ion is formed from an atom of ammonium?

<p>NH₄⁺ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Electrons have a mass greater than neutrons.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the average mass of an element based on?

<p>The average mass includes all isotopes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relative atomic mass (RAM) of chlorine, given the isotopes 35Cl (75.77% abundance) and 37Cl (24.23% abundance)?

<p>35.488 amu (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Relative formula mass (RFM) and relative molecular mass (RMM) refer to the same concept.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula used to calculate the relative formula mass (RFM) of a compound?

<p>Sum of the relative atomic masses of all atoms in the formula unit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The relative atomic mass reflects the abundance weighted average of __________.

<p>isotopes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following elements with their relative atomic masses:

<p>Magnesium = 24.31 Oxygen = 16.00 Chlorine = 35.488 Carbon-12 = 12.00</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a dot and cross diagram represent?

<p>The arrangement of atoms and electrons in molecules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hydrogen must have 8 electrons in its outer shell according to the octet rule.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the valence electron counts for carbon and hydrogen in methane (CH₄)?

<p>Carbon has 4 valence electrons and each hydrogen has 1 valence electron.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In magnesium oxide (MgO), magnesium loses _____ electrons to form Mg²⁺.

<p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match what these atoms gain or lose electrons to become

<p>Metal atoms donate electrons to become = Positive ions Non-metal atoms gain electrons to form = Negative Ions Atoms in Group 1 and 2 lose electrons in their... = Outer shells to form positive ions Atoms in Group 7 and 8 gain electrons in their... = Outer shells to form negative ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Neutron

A neutral particle found in the nucleus of an atom that has a mass of 1 and no charge.

Atom

The building block of all matter, consisting of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons surrounded by electrons.

Ion

An atom that has gained or lost electrons and therefore carries an electrical charge.

Isotope

Atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but differ in the number of neutrons.

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Proton

A positively charged particle found in the nucleus of an atom. Its mass is approximately 1, and it carries a positive (+) charge.

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Electron

A negatively charged particle that moves around the nucleus of an atom in energy levels. It has a negligible mass and carries a negative (-) charge.

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Ion (detailed)

A group of atoms that have a positive or negative charge due to the gain or loss of electrons. Metal atoms tend to lose electrons, forming positive ions, and non-metals tend to gain electrons, forming negative ions.

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Chemical Formula

A chemical formula that uses symbols and subscripts to represent the number of atoms of each element present in a compound.

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What are isotopes?

Atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but differ in the number of neutrons.

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What is an ion?

An atom or group of atoms that has a positive or negative charge due to the gain or loss of electrons.

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What is a proton?

The positively charged particle found in the nucleus of an atom, with a mass of approximately 1.

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How are ions formed?

Metal atoms donate electrons and form positive ions; non-metal atoms gain electrons and form negative ions.

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What is a chemical formula?

A shorthand representation of a compound using symbols and subscripts to indicate the number of atoms of each element.

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What is a compound ion?

A group of atoms that carries a net positive or negative charge. These are formed by the combination of different ions.

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What is the nucleus of an atom?

The central part of an atom containing protons and neutrons.

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What are electrons?

Negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus of an atom in energy levels.

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What is Relative Atomic Mass (RAM)?

The average mass of an atom of an element, relative to one-twelfth of the mass of a carbon-12 atom. It is a dimensionless quantity.

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What is Relative Formula Mass (RFM)?

The sum of the relative atomic masses of all the atoms in a formula unit of a compound. It is a dimensionless quantity.

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What is an atomic mass unit (amu)?

The unit of mass used for atoms and subatomic particles. One atomic mass unit (amu) is equal to 1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom.

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How is the periodic table used in calculating RFM?

The periodic table lists the relative atomic masses of all elements. This data is essential for calculating the RFM of compounds.

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What is a dot diagram?

A simple graphical representation of data distribution using dots placed above a number line, with the position of each dot corresponding to the value of a data point. Dot diagrams are helpful for quickly visualizing the spread of data, identifying outliers, and determining the median.

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What is a cross diagram?

A type of graph that is used to show the relationship between two continuous variables. Each point on the graph represents a data point with coordinates determined by the values of the two variables.

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How do cross diagrams show correlation?

A positive correlation is shown by points that increase as they move from the bottom left to the top right of the diagram. A negative correlation shows points decreasing in the same direction.

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Why are cross diagrams valuable for data analysis?

Cross diagrams are useful for identifying if there is a pattern or trend between two variables. They help us see if there is a linear relationship or if the data is scattered randomly.

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What is the importance of cross diagrams before statistical analysis?

Cross diagrams help us see the relationship between two variables before performing more complex statistical analysis. This can help to avoid unnecessary calculations and ensure that the chosen analysis is appropriate

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What are dot and cross diagrams?

Representations of atoms and electrons in molecules or ionic compounds, showing valence electrons as dots or crosses and atomic symbols as the nucleus and inner electrons.

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How do you draw dot and cross diagrams?

Identify the atoms involved, their valence electrons, arrange them, distribute electrons around atoms (following the octet rule for most atoms), show bonds with shared electron pairs, and include charges for ions.

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What is the dot and cross diagram for methane (CH₄)?

A central carbon atom with four surrounding hydrogen atoms. Each bond is represented by a shared electron pair (a pair of dots/crosses).

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How is the structure of water (H₂O) represented using a dot and cross diagram?

The dot and cross diagram for water shows oxygen as the central atom with two lone pairs of electrons bonded to two hydrogen atoms.

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How can dot and cross diagrams predict the structure of molecules?

By showing the arrangement of electrons, it reveals the bonding, electron sharing or transfer, and overall structure of a molecule or ionic compound.

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Study Notes

Atomic Structure

  • Atoms are mostly empty space
  • The number of protons determines the element
  • Ions are charged atoms; same number of protons but different number of electrons
  • Isotopes are atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

Subatomic Particles

  • Protons: positive charge, mass 1
  • Neutrons: no charge, mass 1
  • Electrons: negative charge, negligible mass

Atomic Mass

  • Average atomic mass includes all isotopes
  • Relative atomic mass is the weighted average mass of all isotopes

Ions

  • Metal atoms lose electrons and form positive ions (cations)
  • Non-metal atoms gain electrons and form negative ions (anions)
  • Atoms in groups 1 and 2 lose electrons to form +1 and +2 ions respectively
  • Atoms in groups 6 and 7 gain electrons to form -2 and -1 ions respectively

Compound Ions

  • Groups of atoms with an overall charge
  • Examples: hydroxide (OH⁻), nitrate (NO₃⁻), sulfate (SO₄²⁻), phosphate (PO₄³⁻), ammonium (NH₄⁺)

Chemical Formulas

  • Represents the composition of compounds
  • Shows the number and type of atoms in a compound
  • Examples of writing chemical formulas:
    • Sodium hydroxide: NaOH
    • Ammonium nitrate: NH₄NO₃
    • Potassium sulfate: K₂SO₄
    • Calcium phosphate: Ca₃(PO₄)₂
    • Aluminum Oxide: Al₂O₃
    • Lithium Bromide: LiBr

Electron Arrangement

  • Electrons orbit the nucleus in shells or energy levels
  • The arrangement of electrons determines an element's chemical properties
  • The first shell holds a maximum of two electrons, the second holds a maximum of eight and so on.
  • Example: Magnesium (Mg) electron configuration: 2,8,2

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Description

This quiz explores the fundamental concepts of atomic structure, including protons, neutrons, electrons, ions, and isotopes. Test your knowledge on how these particles contribute to the properties of elements and compounds. Ideal for high school chemistry students.

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