Chemistry: Atomic Structure and Bonding

Acids increase the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution, while bases increase the concentration of hydroxide ions (OH-) in a solution.

Solubility is the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a specific temperature. Generally, solubility increases with increasing temperature.

Two ways to express concentration are molarity (moles of solute per liter of solution) and molality (moles of solute per kilogram of solvent).

<p>An exothermic reaction releases heat into the surroundings, resulting in a decrease in the system's enthalpy, while an endothermic reaction absorbs heat from the surroundings, resulting in an increase in the system's enthalpy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stoichiometry is the calculation of the quantities of reactants and products involved in a chemical reaction. It is essential for accurately predicting the amounts of substances needed or produced in a reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The three fundamental states of matter are solids, liquids, and gases. Solids have particles that are closely packed and held rigidly in place, giving them a fixed shape and volume. Liquids have particles that are close together but able to move past each other, resulting in a fixed volume but a shape that conforms to the container. Gases have widely dispersed particles that move freely, leading to no fixed shape or volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ionic bonds form between a metal and a nonmetal, where one atom (the metal) loses electrons to become a positively charged cation, and the other atom (the nonmetal) gains electrons to become a negatively charged anion. The opposite charges attract, forming the ionic bond. Covalent bonds form between two nonmetals, where both atoms share electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration. The shared electrons are attracted to both atomic nuclei, holding the atoms together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An isotope is an atom of the same element that has the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons. This difference in the number of neutrons results in a different mass number for the isotope compared to the regular atom. For example, carbon-12 and carbon-14 are isotopes of carbon. Carbon-12 has 6 protons and 6 neutrons, while carbon-14 has 6 protons and 8 neutrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A chemical reaction is a process that involves the rearrangement of atoms to form new substances. The key components involved in describing a chemical reaction are the reactants, which are the starting materials, and the products, which are the substances formed. The law of conservation of mass states that matter is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction, so the total mass of the reactants must equal the total mass of the products.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The atomic number is the number of protons in an atom, which determines the element to which the atom belongs. The mass number is the sum of protons and neutrons in an atom, which represents the total number of nucleons in the nucleus. The atomic number and mass number are related to the composition of an atom because they define its identity and its mass, respectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrogen bonds are a type of dipole-dipole interaction where a hydrogen atom bonded to a highly electronegative atom (like oxygen in water) is attracted to another electronegative atom. In water, these bonds contribute to its high boiling point, making water a liquid at room temperature. The hydrogen bonds between water molecules create a strong network that requires significant energy to break, leading to a higher boiling point.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. The main components of a solution are the solute, which is the substance being dissolved, and the solvent, which is the substance doing the dissolving. The solute is typically present in a smaller amount than the solvent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Synthesis reactions involve combining two or more reactants to form a single product. For example, the reaction of sodium (Na) with chlorine (Cl) to form sodium chloride (NaCl) is a synthesis reaction. Decomposition reactions involve breaking down a single reactant into two or more products. For example, the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into water (H2O) and oxygen (O2) is a decomposition reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The substance that dissolves other substances.

Refers to the amount of solute in a given amount of solvent.

Substances that increase the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution.

Measures the acidity or basicity of a solution, ranging from 0 to 14.

The calculation of quantities of reactants and products in a chemical reaction.

Atoms are the basic units of matter, with protons, neutrons, and electrons.

Positively charged particles located in an atom's nucleus.

Total number of protons and neutrons in an atom.

Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.

Bonds formed when one atom donates electrons and another accepts them.

Bonds formed when two nonmetals share electrons.

The three fundamental states of matter are solid, liquid, and gas.

Processes where reactants transform into products through atom rearrangement.