Chemistry Atomic Radii & Ionization Energy

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Questions and Answers

The atomic radius decreases from left to right, causing the outermost electron to be closer to the ______.

nucleus

The ionisation energy value ______ as the atomic radius decreases.

increases

There is a dip in ionisation energy between ______ and Boron.

Beryllium

Atoms with half full or completely full outermost sublevels have extra ______.

<p>stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

The second ionisation energy refers to the energy needed to remove an electron from an ion with a ______ charge.

<p>positive</p> Signup and view all the answers

A large increase in ionisation energy is observed when removing an electron from the filled n=1 energy ______.

<p>level</p> Signup and view all the answers

Boron has a lower ionisation energy than Beryllium because its outermost shell is only ______ full.

<p>half</p> Signup and view all the answers

The filled outer sublevel requires more energy to remove an electron from it in the ______ energy level.

<p>2p6</p> Signup and view all the answers

The atomic radius is defined as half the distance between the nuclei of two atoms of the same element that are joined together by a single covalent ______.

<p>bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

As you move down the groups in the Periodic Table, the atomic radius ______ due to additional energy levels.

<p>increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

The screening effect of the inner electrons reduces the pull of the positive nuclear ______ on the outer electrons.

<p>charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

As we move across a period in the Periodic Table, the atomic radius ______ due to an increase in effective nuclear charge.

<p>decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

The first ionisation energy is the minimum energy required to completely remove the most loosely bound ______ from a neutral gaseous atom.

<p>electron</p> Signup and view all the answers

The values of the first ionisation energy decrease down a group in the Periodic Table due to increasing atomic ______.

<p>radius</p> Signup and view all the answers

Across a period in the Periodic Table, the ionisation energy values ______ due to increasing effective nuclear charge.

<p>increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

The element labeled B is ______.

<p>helium</p> Signup and view all the answers

The outermost electrons are somewhat shielded from the attractive force of the positively charged nucleus due to the ______ effect.

<p>screening</p> Signup and view all the answers

The reason for the large decrease in first ionisation energy between elements R and S is that R has a full outer ______.

<p>sub-level</p> Signup and view all the answers

The first ionisation energy of element H is lower than that of element G because H has a less stable ______.

<p>electron configuration</p> Signup and view all the answers

Electronegativity is defined as the relative attraction that an atom has for a shared pair of ______ in a covalent bond.

<p>electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

H2O and NH3 contain intermolecular ______ bonds.

<p>hydrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

Alkali Metals are stored under ______ to prevent reactions with oxygen.

<p>oil</p> Signup and view all the answers

Moving down the group, Alkali Metals become more reactive with ______.

<p>water</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fluorine is the most ______ element of the halogens.

<p>electronegative</p> Signup and view all the answers

Halogens do not exist free in nature and must be extracted from their ______.

<p>compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

The first ionisation energy is the minimum energy required to remove the most loosely-bound ______.

<p>electron</p> Signup and view all the answers

The sharp increase in ionisation energy for removal of the 5th electron indicates it is the first to be removed from the ______ shell.

<p>second</p> Signup and view all the answers

Electronegativity values ______ down the groups in the Periodic Table.

<p>decrease</p> Signup and view all the answers

A line emission spectrum provides evidence for the existence of ______ levels in atoms.

<p>energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ionisation energy values for elements increase with ______ atomic number.

<p>increasing</p> Signup and view all the answers

As you go down a group, the atomic radius ______, leading to a weaker pull on electrons.

<p>increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

The chemical properties of elements are determined by the number of electrons in the ______ energy level.

<p>outermost</p> Signup and view all the answers

Alkali metals have very low first ionisation energy values, making them ______ elements.

<p>reactive</p> Signup and view all the answers

Alkali Metals react with water to form the ______ of the metal.

<p>hydroxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

The first ionisation energy ______ down the group of alkali metals.

<p>decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

All alkali metals react with oxygen to form ______.

<p>oxides</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hydrogen gas is released when alkali metals react with ______.

<p>water</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Atomic Radius Trend

Atomic radius increases down a group and decreases across a period

Atomic Radius Definition

Half the distance between the nuclei of two identical atoms joined by a covalent bond.

Ionization Energy

Energy needed to remove an electron from a neutral atom.

Ionization Energy Trend (Down a Group)

Ionization energy decreases down a group.

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Ionization Energy Trend (Across a Period)

Ionization energy increases across a period.

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Screening Effect

Inner electrons shield outer electrons from the full positive charge of the nucleus.

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Effective Nuclear Charge

The net positive charge experienced by an electron.

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First Ionization Energy

Energy required to remove the outermost electron from a neutral gaseous atom.

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Atomic Radius and Ionization Energy

The atomic radius decreasing across a period leads to stronger nucleus-electron attraction, increasing ionization energy.

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Ionization Energy Trend Exceptions

Elements with half-filled or filled outer electron sublevels exhibit increased stability, requiring more energy to remove an electron, counteracting the general trend.

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Second Ionization Energy

The energy needed to remove a second electron from a singly charged positive ion in the gaseous state.

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Electron Energy Levels

Electrons in different energy levels (n) within atoms have different energy levels, explaining the varying energy requirements for removal.

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Shielding Effect and Ionization Energy

Inner electrons shield outer electrons, reducing their attraction to the nucleus. This impacts the ease of removal.

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Stability of Half-filled and Full Sublevels

Atoms with half-filled or completely filled electron sublevels are more stable, requiring more energy to remove an electron.

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First Ionization Energy (Potassium)

Removing the outermost electron from potassium (4s sublevel) is the easiest due to its lower energy level.

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Successive Ionization Energies

The energy required to remove successive electrons from an ion.

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Electronegativity trend (groups)

Electronegativity decreases going down a group in the periodic table.

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Electronegativity trend (periods)

Electronegativity increases going across a period in the periodic table.

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Alkali metal reactivity

Alkali metals are very reactive because they have low ionization energies.

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Alkali metal reaction with oxygen

Alkali metals react with oxygen to form oxides.

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Alkali metal reaction with water

Alkali metals react with water to produce metal hydroxide and hydrogen gas.

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Alkali metal reactivity trend

Alkali metal reactivity increases down the group.

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Electronegativity

The relative strength of an atom's attraction to bonding electrons in a covalent bond.

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Factors Affecting Electronegativity

Electronegativity increases across a period due to:

  1. Increasing effective nuclear charge: More protons attract electrons more strongly.
  2. Decreasing atomic radius: Electrons are closer to the nucleus, experiencing stronger attraction.
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Hydrogen Bonding in Molecules

Hydrogen bonding occurs when hydrogen is directly bonded to a small, highly electronegative element like oxygen or nitrogen.

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Boiling Point and Hydrogen Bonding

Stronger hydrogen bonding leads to higher boiling points. Molecules with stronger H-bonds need more energy to break apart.

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Half-filled Sublevels and Stability

Atoms with half-filled sublevels (like a 2p sublevel) are more stable due to balanced electron distribution.

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Alkali Metals Storage

Alkali metals are stored under oil to prevent reaction with oxygen in air.

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Alkali Metal Reactivity with Water

Alkali metal reactivity increases as you go down the group.

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Halogens Electronegativity

Halogens are highly electronegative, meaning they have a strong attraction for electrons.

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Halogens Reactivity Trend

Halogens reactivity decreases as you move down the group.

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First Ionization Energy Definition

Minimum energy needed to remove an electron from a gaseous atom in its ground state.

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Silicon Ionization Energy (Al vs. Si)

Silicon's first ionization energy is higher than aluminum's due to a greater nuclear charge and smaller radius.

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Successive Ionization Energy Graph

Graph showing the energy needed to remove electrons in steps.

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Evidence for Energy Levels in Atoms

Line emission spectra, and electron removal by successive ionization energy steps.

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Study Notes

  • Atomic radius is half the distance between nuclei of two atoms bonded together
  • Atomic radius increases down a group because electrons occupy new energy levels further from the nucleus
  • Increased screening effect (inner electrons shielding outer electrons) reduces pull from the nucleus
  • Atomic radius decreases across a period due to increasing effective nuclear charge
  • The nucleus attracts outer electrons more strongly, pulling them closer
  • No increase in screening effect across a period
  • First ionization energy is the minimum energy to remove an outermost electron from a neutral gaseous atom
  • Ionization energy decreases down a group due to increasing atomic radius
  • Outer electrons are further from the nucleus and experience less attraction
  • Increased screening effect reduces attraction between nucleus and outer electrons
  • Ionization energy increases across a period due to increasing effective nuclear charge
  • Stronger attraction between nucleus and outer electrons needed more energy
  • Half-filled or filled electron sublevels (especially p-sublevels) lead to increased stability
  • Removing an electron from a half-filled or filled sublevel requires more energy
  • Example: Nitrogen has higher ionization energy than oxygen
  • Electronegativity is the relative attraction an atom has for shared electrons in a covalent bond
  • Electronegativity increases across a period due to increasing effective nuclear charge
  • Electrons are closer to the nucleus and experience stronger attraction
  • Electronegativity decreases down a group due to increasing atomic radius
  • Electrons are further from the nucleus, reducing attraction

Chemical Reactivity of Alkali Metals

  • Highly reactive due to low first ionization energy
  • Readily lose their outermost electron to form ionic compounds
  • Reactivity increases down the group due to decreasing ionization energy
  • Easier to remove the outer electron in larger atoms

Chemical Reactivity of Halogens

  • Highly reactive nonmetals
  • Easily gain an electron to form ionic compounds
  • Reactivity decreases down the group due to increasing atomic radius
  • Larger atoms have weaker attraction to gain electrons

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