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Questions and Answers
The atomic radius decreases from left to right, causing the outermost electron to be closer to the ______.
The atomic radius decreases from left to right, causing the outermost electron to be closer to the ______.
nucleus
The ionisation energy value ______ as the atomic radius decreases.
The ionisation energy value ______ as the atomic radius decreases.
increases
There is a dip in ionisation energy between ______ and Boron.
There is a dip in ionisation energy between ______ and Boron.
Beryllium
Atoms with half full or completely full outermost sublevels have extra ______.
Atoms with half full or completely full outermost sublevels have extra ______.
The second ionisation energy refers to the energy needed to remove an electron from an ion with a ______ charge.
The second ionisation energy refers to the energy needed to remove an electron from an ion with a ______ charge.
A large increase in ionisation energy is observed when removing an electron from the filled n=1 energy ______.
A large increase in ionisation energy is observed when removing an electron from the filled n=1 energy ______.
Boron has a lower ionisation energy than Beryllium because its outermost shell is only ______ full.
Boron has a lower ionisation energy than Beryllium because its outermost shell is only ______ full.
The filled outer sublevel requires more energy to remove an electron from it in the ______ energy level.
The filled outer sublevel requires more energy to remove an electron from it in the ______ energy level.
The atomic radius is defined as half the distance between the nuclei of two atoms of the same element that are joined together by a single covalent ______.
The atomic radius is defined as half the distance between the nuclei of two atoms of the same element that are joined together by a single covalent ______.
As you move down the groups in the Periodic Table, the atomic radius ______ due to additional energy levels.
As you move down the groups in the Periodic Table, the atomic radius ______ due to additional energy levels.
The screening effect of the inner electrons reduces the pull of the positive nuclear ______ on the outer electrons.
The screening effect of the inner electrons reduces the pull of the positive nuclear ______ on the outer electrons.
As we move across a period in the Periodic Table, the atomic radius ______ due to an increase in effective nuclear charge.
As we move across a period in the Periodic Table, the atomic radius ______ due to an increase in effective nuclear charge.
The first ionisation energy is the minimum energy required to completely remove the most loosely bound ______ from a neutral gaseous atom.
The first ionisation energy is the minimum energy required to completely remove the most loosely bound ______ from a neutral gaseous atom.
The values of the first ionisation energy decrease down a group in the Periodic Table due to increasing atomic ______.
The values of the first ionisation energy decrease down a group in the Periodic Table due to increasing atomic ______.
Across a period in the Periodic Table, the ionisation energy values ______ due to increasing effective nuclear charge.
Across a period in the Periodic Table, the ionisation energy values ______ due to increasing effective nuclear charge.
The element labeled B is ______.
The element labeled B is ______.
The outermost electrons are somewhat shielded from the attractive force of the positively charged nucleus due to the ______ effect.
The outermost electrons are somewhat shielded from the attractive force of the positively charged nucleus due to the ______ effect.
The reason for the large decrease in first ionisation energy between elements R and S is that R has a full outer ______.
The reason for the large decrease in first ionisation energy between elements R and S is that R has a full outer ______.
The first ionisation energy of element H is lower than that of element G because H has a less stable ______.
The first ionisation energy of element H is lower than that of element G because H has a less stable ______.
Electronegativity is defined as the relative attraction that an atom has for a shared pair of ______ in a covalent bond.
Electronegativity is defined as the relative attraction that an atom has for a shared pair of ______ in a covalent bond.
H2O and NH3 contain intermolecular ______ bonds.
H2O and NH3 contain intermolecular ______ bonds.
Alkali Metals are stored under ______ to prevent reactions with oxygen.
Alkali Metals are stored under ______ to prevent reactions with oxygen.
Moving down the group, Alkali Metals become more reactive with ______.
Moving down the group, Alkali Metals become more reactive with ______.
Fluorine is the most ______ element of the halogens.
Fluorine is the most ______ element of the halogens.
Halogens do not exist free in nature and must be extracted from their ______.
Halogens do not exist free in nature and must be extracted from their ______.
The first ionisation energy is the minimum energy required to remove the most loosely-bound ______.
The first ionisation energy is the minimum energy required to remove the most loosely-bound ______.
The sharp increase in ionisation energy for removal of the 5th electron indicates it is the first to be removed from the ______ shell.
The sharp increase in ionisation energy for removal of the 5th electron indicates it is the first to be removed from the ______ shell.
Electronegativity values ______ down the groups in the Periodic Table.
Electronegativity values ______ down the groups in the Periodic Table.
A line emission spectrum provides evidence for the existence of ______ levels in atoms.
A line emission spectrum provides evidence for the existence of ______ levels in atoms.
Ionisation energy values for elements increase with ______ atomic number.
Ionisation energy values for elements increase with ______ atomic number.
As you go down a group, the atomic radius ______, leading to a weaker pull on electrons.
As you go down a group, the atomic radius ______, leading to a weaker pull on electrons.
The chemical properties of elements are determined by the number of electrons in the ______ energy level.
The chemical properties of elements are determined by the number of electrons in the ______ energy level.
Alkali metals have very low first ionisation energy values, making them ______ elements.
Alkali metals have very low first ionisation energy values, making them ______ elements.
Alkali Metals react with water to form the ______ of the metal.
Alkali Metals react with water to form the ______ of the metal.
The first ionisation energy ______ down the group of alkali metals.
The first ionisation energy ______ down the group of alkali metals.
All alkali metals react with oxygen to form ______.
All alkali metals react with oxygen to form ______.
Hydrogen gas is released when alkali metals react with ______.
Hydrogen gas is released when alkali metals react with ______.
Flashcards
Atomic Radius Trend
Atomic Radius Trend
Atomic radius increases down a group and decreases across a period
Atomic Radius Definition
Atomic Radius Definition
Half the distance between the nuclei of two identical atoms joined by a covalent bond.
Ionization Energy
Ionization Energy
Energy needed to remove an electron from a neutral atom.
Ionization Energy Trend (Down a Group)
Ionization Energy Trend (Down a Group)
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Ionization Energy Trend (Across a Period)
Ionization Energy Trend (Across a Period)
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Screening Effect
Screening Effect
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Effective Nuclear Charge
Effective Nuclear Charge
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First Ionization Energy
First Ionization Energy
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Atomic Radius and Ionization Energy
Atomic Radius and Ionization Energy
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Ionization Energy Trend Exceptions
Ionization Energy Trend Exceptions
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Second Ionization Energy
Second Ionization Energy
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Electron Energy Levels
Electron Energy Levels
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Shielding Effect and Ionization Energy
Shielding Effect and Ionization Energy
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Stability of Half-filled and Full Sublevels
Stability of Half-filled and Full Sublevels
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First Ionization Energy (Potassium)
First Ionization Energy (Potassium)
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Successive Ionization Energies
Successive Ionization Energies
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Electronegativity trend (groups)
Electronegativity trend (groups)
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Electronegativity trend (periods)
Electronegativity trend (periods)
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Alkali metal reactivity
Alkali metal reactivity
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Alkali metal reaction with oxygen
Alkali metal reaction with oxygen
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Alkali metal reaction with water
Alkali metal reaction with water
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Alkali metal reactivity trend
Alkali metal reactivity trend
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Electronegativity
Electronegativity
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Factors Affecting Electronegativity
Factors Affecting Electronegativity
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Hydrogen Bonding in Molecules
Hydrogen Bonding in Molecules
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Boiling Point and Hydrogen Bonding
Boiling Point and Hydrogen Bonding
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Half-filled Sublevels and Stability
Half-filled Sublevels and Stability
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Alkali Metals Storage
Alkali Metals Storage
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Alkali Metal Reactivity with Water
Alkali Metal Reactivity with Water
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Halogens Electronegativity
Halogens Electronegativity
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Halogens Reactivity Trend
Halogens Reactivity Trend
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First Ionization Energy Definition
First Ionization Energy Definition
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Silicon Ionization Energy (Al vs. Si)
Silicon Ionization Energy (Al vs. Si)
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Successive Ionization Energy Graph
Successive Ionization Energy Graph
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Evidence for Energy Levels in Atoms
Evidence for Energy Levels in Atoms
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Study Notes
Atomic Radii Trends
- Atomic radius is half the distance between nuclei of two atoms bonded together
- Atomic radius increases down a group because electrons occupy new energy levels further from the nucleus
- Increased screening effect (inner electrons shielding outer electrons) reduces pull from the nucleus
- Atomic radius decreases across a period due to increasing effective nuclear charge
- The nucleus attracts outer electrons more strongly, pulling them closer
- No increase in screening effect across a period
Ionization Energy Trends
- First ionization energy is the minimum energy to remove an outermost electron from a neutral gaseous atom
- Ionization energy decreases down a group due to increasing atomic radius
- Outer electrons are further from the nucleus and experience less attraction
- Increased screening effect reduces attraction between nucleus and outer electrons
- Ionization energy increases across a period due to increasing effective nuclear charge
- Stronger attraction between nucleus and outer electrons needed more energy
Exceptions to General Trends
- Half-filled or filled electron sublevels (especially p-sublevels) lead to increased stability
- Removing an electron from a half-filled or filled sublevel requires more energy
- Example: Nitrogen has higher ionization energy than oxygen
Electronegativity Trends
- Electronegativity is the relative attraction an atom has for shared electrons in a covalent bond
- Electronegativity increases across a period due to increasing effective nuclear charge
- Electrons are closer to the nucleus and experience stronger attraction
- Electronegativity decreases down a group due to increasing atomic radius
- Electrons are further from the nucleus, reducing attraction
Chemical Reactivity of Alkali Metals
- Highly reactive due to low first ionization energy
- Readily lose their outermost electron to form ionic compounds
- Reactivity increases down the group due to decreasing ionization energy
- Easier to remove the outer electron in larger atoms
Chemical Reactivity of Halogens
- Highly reactive nonmetals
- Easily gain an electron to form ionic compounds
- Reactivity decreases down the group due to increasing atomic radius
- Larger atoms have weaker attraction to gain electrons
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