Chemistry 11 Overview

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Questions and Answers

Which physical state of matter has a definite shape and volume?

  • Liquid
  • Plasma
  • Gas
  • Solid (correct)

What type of matter cannot be separated into simpler substances through physical means?

  • Solutions
  • Mixtures
  • Elements (correct)
  • Compounds

Which of the following correctly describes a compound?

  • Formed by chemically uniting two or more different types of atoms (correct)
  • Has a variable composition
  • Can be separated by physical means
  • Contains only one type of atom

What characteristic of liquids allows them to take the shape of their container?

<p>Loose particle arrangement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about plasma is accurate?

<p>Consists of ionized gases with electric and magnetic fields (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures?

<p>Homogeneous mixtures have a uniform, definite composition. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the nature of matter?

<p>Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can mixtures be separated?

<p>By physical means (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic describes heterogeneous mixtures?

<p>Phase boundaries exist between components. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of mixture will not separate but remains mixed together?

<p>Colloid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method utilizes gravitational force to separate components of a mixture?

<p>Decantation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between distillation and evaporation?

<p>Distillation targets different boiling points intentionally. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which property can be observed without changing the composition of the substance?

<p>Melting point (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process is used to remove solids from liquids or gases?

<p>Filtration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In chromatography, substances are separated based on what characteristic?

<p>Distribution between two phases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT represent a method of separation for mixtures?

<p>Integration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Overview of Chemistry

  • Chemistry is the science focused on matter, its composition, properties, and energy changes.
  • Chemists study substances, their interactions, and transformations.

Composition in Chemistry

  • Refers to what substances are made of and how they change with thermal energy, leading to molecular expansion.

Characteristics of Matter

  • Defined as attributes that describe the physical and chemical properties of matter.

Definition of Matter

  • Matter occupies space and has mass and volume.

Physical States of Matter

  • Solids: Tightly packed particles, definite shape and volume.
  • Liquids: Loose particles, taking the shape of their container, with a definite volume.
  • Gases: Particles are widely separated, filling the shape and volume of their container.
  • Plasma: Ionized gases with a mixture of positive ions and free electrons, having indefinite shape and volume, and found mainly in stars including the sun.

Composition of Matter

  • Matter consists of substances with a definite composition, which cannot be broken down physically.

Types of Matter

  • Elements: Composed of a single type of atom; cannot be broken down further. Examples: Gold (Au), Mercury (Hg).
  • Compounds: Combinations of two or more types of atoms in fixed ratios; separated by chemical means. Example: Water (H2O).
  • Mixtures: Combinations of two or more substances; can be separated by physical means. Examples: O2, N2.

Mixtures

  • Mixtures have variable compositions and can be classified into two main types:
    • Homogeneous (Solutions): Uniform composition, e.g., sugar dissolved in water.
    • Heterogeneous: Non-uniform composition with phase boundaries, e.g., mixtures with visible parts.

Special Types of Heterogeneous Mixtures

  • Colloids: Mixtures that remain mixed over time.
  • Suspensions: Will separate after standing due to differing densities.

Methods to Separate Mixtures

  • Filtration: Separates solid from liquid or gas.
  • Decantation: Utilizes density differences to separate components.
  • Centrifugation: Uses centrifugal force to separate mixtures.
  • Magnetic Separation: Attracts magnetic substances using magnets.
  • Evaporation: Converts liquid into gas.
  • Melting and Sublimation: Transitions between solid and gas states.
  • Distillation: Separates based on different boiling points, intentionally warming to vaporize.
  • Chromatography: Separates components based on distribution between phases.

Properties of Matter

  • Physical Properties: Observable without changing substance composition, e.g., melting and boiling points, mass, volume.
  • Chemical Properties: Observable only with changes in composition, indicating a substance's reactivity and interactions.

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