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Questions and Answers
Which diatomic molecule is a liquid at room temperature?
Which diatomic molecule is a liquid at room temperature?
What suffix is typically used for single element anions?
What suffix is typically used for single element anions?
What type of bond holds diatomic molecules together?
What type of bond holds diatomic molecules together?
Which compound is an example of ionic nomenclature?
Which compound is an example of ionic nomenclature?
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In covalent nomenclature, how do you name the compound CO2?
In covalent nomenclature, how do you name the compound CO2?
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Which of the following describes the primary structure of proteins?
Which of the following describes the primary structure of proteins?
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How is a cation formed from an atom?
How is a cation formed from an atom?
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Which of the following compounds uses a prefix in its nomenclature?
Which of the following compounds uses a prefix in its nomenclature?
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What characterizes the secondary structure of proteins?
What characterizes the secondary structure of proteins?
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Which type of carbohydrate is primarily used for energy storage in plants?
Which type of carbohydrate is primarily used for energy storage in plants?
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Which statement correctly describes quaternary structure in proteins?
Which statement correctly describes quaternary structure in proteins?
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What type of lipid has a glycerol backbone, two fatty acid tails, and a phosphate group?
What type of lipid has a glycerol backbone, two fatty acid tails, and a phosphate group?
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Which statement about atomic size across a period is correct?
Which statement about atomic size across a period is correct?
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Which type of chemical reaction occurs when potassium reacts with boron trioxide?
Which type of chemical reaction occurs when potassium reacts with boron trioxide?
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What is the primary function of cellulose in plants?
What is the primary function of cellulose in plants?
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Which trend is observed in ionization energy as you move down a group in the periodic table?
Which trend is observed in ionization energy as you move down a group in the periodic table?
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What does the atomic number of an element represent?
What does the atomic number of an element represent?
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Which type of bond involves the sharing of electrons between atoms?
Which type of bond involves the sharing of electrons between atoms?
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Which of the following laws states that equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain equal numbers of molecules?
Which of the following laws states that equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain equal numbers of molecules?
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What is the primary characteristic of an amphoteric substance?
What is the primary characteristic of an amphoteric substance?
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What does the half-life of a radioactive isotope refer to?
What does the half-life of a radioactive isotope refer to?
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What is an example of a saturated hydrocarbon?
What is an example of a saturated hydrocarbon?
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What kind of reaction is characterized by the breakdown of a substance into two or more products?
What kind of reaction is characterized by the breakdown of a substance into two or more products?
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Which term describes a chemical compound that increases the concentration of H+ ions in aqueous solution?
Which term describes a chemical compound that increases the concentration of H+ ions in aqueous solution?
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What does the term 'isomer' refer to in chemistry?
What does the term 'isomer' refer to in chemistry?
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In an endothermic reaction, what happens to heat during the process?
In an endothermic reaction, what happens to heat during the process?
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What is the role of a buffer in a solution?
What is the role of a buffer in a solution?
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What is meant by the term 'molar mass' in chemistry?
What is meant by the term 'molar mass' in chemistry?
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What principle describes how a change in one variable at equilibrium results in a shift to counteract the effect?
What principle describes how a change in one variable at equilibrium results in a shift to counteract the effect?
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Study Notes
Chemistry 101 Cumulative Exam Review
- Chemistry: The study of the composition, structure, properties, and reactions of matter.
- Chemical: A substance with a constant composition and properties.
- Element: A pure substance comprised of only one type of atom.
- Compound: A substance formed from the combination of two or more elements.
- Pure substance: Composed of only one element or one compound.
- Mixture: Composed of two or more different substances not chemically joined.
- Metal: Shiny, metallic luster, reflective surface.
- Nonmetal: Generally dull, non-reflective.
- Metalloid: Has metallic or nonmetallic appearance depending on the element.
Atomic Structure and Properties
- Atomic number: The number of protons in an atom's nucleus; determines an element's chemical properties.
- Mass number: The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom.
- Isotope: Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.
- Average atomic mass: The weighted average mass of all naturally occurring isotopes of an element.
- Valence electrons: Electrons in the outermost electron shell of an atom, involved in chemical bonding.
- Half-life: The time taken for half of a radioactive isotope to decay.
Chemical Bonding and Reactions
- Fission: The splitting of a nucleus into two or more parts.
- Chain reaction: A reaction where the products themselves promote the reaction.
- Fusion: The joining of two nuclei to form a larger one.
- Octet rule: Atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve a full outermost electron shell (eight electrons).
- Ionic bond: Formed by the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions.
- Covalent bond: Formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms.
Solutions and Mixtures
- Solution: A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances, where one substance (solute) dissolves in another (solvent).
- Solute: The substance that is dissolved.
- Solvent: The substance that dissolves the solute.
- Electrolyte: A substance that conducts electricity when dissolved in water.
- Saturated/Unsaturated/Supersaturated Solutions: Solutions with varying concentrations of solutes.
- Arrhenius Acid: Increases H⁺ ion concentration in solution
- Arrhenius Base: Increases OH⁻ ion concentration in solution
- Bronsted-Lowry Acid: A proton (H⁺) donor
- Bronsted-Lowry Base: A proton (H⁺) acceptor
- Amphoteric Substance: Can act as either an acid or a base.
Other Concepts
- Molar mass: The mass of one mole of a substance.
- Combustion reaction: A reaction that produces heat and light.
- Decomposition reaction: A reaction where a substance breaks down into two or more substances.
- Synthesis reaction: Two or more substances combine to form one.
- Single replacement reaction: An element in a compound is replaced by another element.
- Double replacement reaction: The ions of two compounds swap places to form two new compounds
- Endothermic reaction: Absorbs heat
- Exothermic Reaction: Releases heat
- Gas Laws: Various laws governing gas behavior (Charles' Law, Avogadro's Law, Gay-Lussac's Law, Dalton's Law).
Other Chemical Concepts (Additional from pages)
- Organic Compounds: Compounds containing carbon; examples include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids.
- Enantiomers: Pairs of molecules with a mirror-image relationship.
- Steroids: Four fused hydrocarbon rings.
- Carbohydrates: Sugars and starches.
- Amino Acids: Building blocks of proteins.
- Proteins: Complex molecules made of amino acids, involved in various cellular functions.
- Nucleic acids: DNA & RNA; store and transmit genetic information
Nomenclature and Calculations (Partial from pages)
- Nomenclature: Naming chemical compounds.
- Ion formation, Nomenclature: Methods for naming ions and ionic compounds.
- Covalent Nomenclature: Naming covalent compounds.
- Metric Conversions: Conversion of units (grams to kilograms, etc.).
- Stoichiometry calculation: Using balanced chemical equations to determine quantitative relationships in chemical reactions.
Periodic Table Trends (Partial from pages)
- Atomic Size: Across a period (left-to-right) generally decreases, down a group (top-to-bottom) increases.
- Electronegativity: Across a period increases, down a group decreases.
- Ionization Energy: Across a period increases, down a group decreases.
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Prepare for your Chemistry 101 exam with this comprehensive cumulative review. The quiz covers essential concepts such as atomic structure, elements, compounds, and the properties of matter. Test your knowledge and ensure you're ready for the exam.
