Chemical Substances and Reactions Quiz
117 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary catalyst used in alkene catalytic cracking?

  • Graphene
  • Zeolite (correct)
  • Charcoal
  • Silica

    • What is produced when butane undergoes cracking and the hydrogen supply is insufficient?

  • Ethine (correct)
  • Ethene only
  • Ethane only
  • Only propane

    • Which of the following statements about complete combustion of alcohols is correct?

  • Produces carbon monoxide and carbon
  • Produces carbon dioxide and water (correct)
  • Produces methane and water
  • Produces only water

    • What functional group characterizes carboxylic acids as opposed to alcohols?

    <p>COOH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of polymerization of ethene monomers?

    <p>Polyethene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be produced during condensation polymerization?

    <p>Water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves combining two monomers with two functional groups?

    <p>Condensation polymerization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What allows rechargeable batteries to restore their functionality?

    <p>Reverse reaction through current</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of hydrogen fuel cells?

    <p>To generate voltage through recombining hydrogen and oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main outcome when alcohols oxidize with an oxidizing agent?

    <p>Formation of carboxylic acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What charge does a lithium ion carry when it loses its outer electron?

    <p>Li+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chemical formula for beryllium chloride?

    <p>BeCl2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bonding involves the sharing of electrons?

    <p>Covalent bonding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must the total charge add up to in an ionic compound?

    <p>Zero</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can conduct electricity when melted or dissolved?

    <p>Ionic compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure of diamond primarily made up of?

    <p>Giant molecular structures of carbon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option describes the interaction in graphite that allows it to conduct electricity?

    <p>Delocalized electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a property of simple molecular structures?

    <p>Weak intermolecular forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the majority of the greenhouse effect?

    <p>Water vapor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do nanoparticles play due to their high surface to volume ratio?

    <p>They can fulfill a purpose efficiently</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is primarily used to ensure drinking water is safe by removing large particles?

    <p>Filtration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of structure is graphene considered to be?

    <p>Two-dimensional sheet of carbon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the relative formula mass calculated?

    <p>By adding individual atomic masses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced by complete combustion of alkanes?

    <p>Carbon dioxide and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of longer alkanes compared to shorter ones?

    <p>Higher viscosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are metals stronger in alloy form?

    <p>Different sized atoms disrupt the lattice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond exists in alkenes that distinguishes them from alkanes?

    <p>Double bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a mole in chemistry?

    <p>A specific number of molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the fractionating column in the separation of crude oil?

    <p>To condense the gases into liquids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to bromine water when it reacts with an alkene?

    <p>It turns colorless</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required to convert seawater into potable water?

    <p>Desalination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fraction of crude oil is typically used as jet fuel?

    <p>Kerosene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of water is classified as potable?

    <p>Water safe to drink</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general formula for alkanes?

    <p>C$n$H$2n$+2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is NOT commonly used to ensure water is free from microbes?

    <p>Distillation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is necessary to produce shorter alkanes from longer alkanes?

    <p>Cracking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason that hydrochloric acid has a lower pH than ethanoic acid at the same concentration?

    <p>Hydrochloric acid is stronger than ethanoic acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the electrolysis of aluminum oxide, what is produced at the anode?

    <p>Oxygen gas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a neutralization reaction, what will happen to the temperature as the reaction reaches maximum energy release?

    <p>Temperature will stabilize at a constant level.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the activation energy in a chemical reaction?

    <p>It is the energy required to start the reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following ions will be reduced at the cathode during electrolysis of a sodium chloride solution?

    <p>H+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when there is a net energy release in a chemical reaction?

    <p>Temperature increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to aluminum hydroxide when excess sodium hydroxide is added?

    <p>It dissolves in solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which precipitate is formed when chloride ions are mixed with silver nitrate solution?

    <p>White precipitate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to potential energy and kinetic energy during an exothermic reaction?

    <p>Potential energy decreases while kinetic energy increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when an acid and alkali react together?

    <p>Neutralization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gas is known to turn lime water cloudy when bubbled through it?

    <p>Carbon dioxide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do you calculate concentration from moles and volume?

    <p>Moles divided by volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed at the cathode during the electrolysis of aluminum oxide?

    <p>Solid aluminum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What particle in an atom has a charge of zero?

    <p>Neutron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of acid is ethanoic acid classified as?

    <p>Weak acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about isotopes is true?

    <p>Isotopes of an element have the same number of protons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of a reaction being reversible?

    <p>Products can revert to original reactants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when an ionic compound like aluminum oxide is melted?

    <p>It can conduct electricity due to free-moving ions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method can be used to increase the rate of a chemical reaction?

    <p>Increasing surface area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the mass number represent in an atom?

    <p>The total number of protons and neutrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a situation without halide ions, what will be oxidized at the anode during electrolysis?

    <p>Oxygen ions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When conducting a titration, what indicates that neutralization has occurred?

    <p>The solution turns pink.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the periodic table, which group contains elements that typically gain one electron?

    <p>Group 7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the percentage yield represent in a chemical reaction?

    <p>The amount of product made compared to theoretical amount.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of metals in relation to their electrons?

    <p>They lose electrons to form positive ions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it indicate if the potential energy of the products is greater than the reactants?

    <p>An endothermic reaction occurred.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group in the periodic table is known for having a full outer shell?

    <p>Noble Gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What observable change occurs when hydrochloric acid reacts with sodium thiosulfate?

    <p>The solution turns cloudy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature distinguishes transition metals from other elements?

    <p>They can donate varying numbers of electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a gas syringe experiment, what change indicates that the reaction has completed?

    <p>Constant volume over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the electron configuration of magnesium?

    <p>2, 8, 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does increasing temperature have on the rate of a reaction?

    <p>Increases both frequency and energy of collisions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when an atom gains electrons?

    <p>It becomes an ion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a catalyst in a chemical reaction?

    <p>It reduces the activation energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs as you move down the group of alkali metals?

    <p>The outer electron becomes easier to lose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of precipitate is formed when sulfate ions react with barium chloride?

    <p>White precipitate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To achieve greater accuracy in titration, what should one do as approaching the end point?

    <p>Add the acid drop by drop.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the average relative atomic mass of an element determined?

    <p>By calculating the weighted average of all isotopes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the attraction between positively charged protons and negatively charged electrons?

    <p>Electrostatic force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which electron shell can hold a maximum of eight electrons?

    <p>Second shell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unique about the electrons in a metallic bond?

    <p>They are delocalized and free to move.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the equilibrium position when pressure is increased in a reaction where there are more moles of reactants than products?

    <p>The equilibrium shifts to the right.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does an increase in temperature affect an endothermic reaction?

    <p>It favors the forward reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the process of making ammonia in the Haber process?

    <p>It takes place around 450°C and 200 atmospheres of pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of adding nitrogen to fertilizers?

    <p>To provide nutrients for plant growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic differentiates thermosetting polymers from thermosoftening polymers?

    <p>Thermosetting polymers have cross-linking between chains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are alloys generally stronger than pure metals?

    <p>They disrupt the regular lattice structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a sacrificial metal in corrosion prevention?

    <p>It reacts with oxygen preferentially.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the greenhouse effect?

    <p>It prevents heat from escaping the earth's atmosphere.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the position of equilibrium shifting to the right?

    <p>More products are being formed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true regarding the composition of gases in the Earth's atmosphere?

    <p>It has changed due to biological processes and geological events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to carbon dioxide levels during photosynthesis?

    <p>They are converted to oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is used to produce potassium in fertilizers?

    <p>Mining potassium chloride and sulfate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a high-density polyethylene (HDPE)?

    <p>It has a tightly packed molecular structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many moles of water are produced when 64 g of methane reacts completely with oxygen?

    <p>8 moles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate the number of moles from mass?

    <p>$\text{Moles} = \frac{\text{Mass}}{\text{Rams}}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a reaction where one mole of methane and one mole of oxygen are available, what is the limiting reactant?

    <p>Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concentration in moles per decim cubed if one mole of HCl is dissolved in 1 decim cubed of water?

    <p>1 molar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a more reactive metal is placed in a compound of a less reactive metal?

    <p>The more reactive metal displaces the less reactive metal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is referred to when a substance loses oxygen in a chemical reaction?

    <p>Reduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following acids is classified as a strong acid?

    <p>Hydrochloric acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an acid with a pH of 3, how does its H+ ion concentration compare to an acid with a pH of 5?

    <p>100 times more concentrated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced when sodium hydroxide reacts with hydrochloric acid?

    <p>Sodium chloride and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What will happen to the amount of copper in a solution when zinc is placed in a copper sulfate solution?

    <p>Copper will decrease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a neutral pH?

    <p>pH of 7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indication of an acid on the pH scale?

    <p>Higher concentration of H+ ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What will the pH level be if an acid has 10 times the H+ ion concentration of an acid with pH 4?

    <p>pH 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the process of smelting?

    <p>More reactive metals reduce metallic oxides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a compound?

    <p>A substance made of two or more different types of atoms chemically bonded together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the chemical formula H2O indicate?

    <p>There is one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When balancing chemical equations, which of the following is a recommended step?

    <p>Start balancing elements that are only in compounds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a physical change?

    <p>Melting of ice to form water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can mixtures be separated using filtration?

    <p>By passing the mixture through a filter to catch solid particles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does RF stand for in chromatography?

    <p>Retention Factor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs to particles in solid matter?

    <p>They vibrate around fixed positions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the boiling point of a pure substance like water?

    <p>It should be a specific temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about distillation is true?

    <p>It separates mixtures based on different boiling points.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a formulation in chemistry?

    <p>A mixture designed for a specific purpose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes JJ Thompson's contribution to atomic theory?

    <p>He proposed the plum pudding model.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to gases that distinguishes them from solids and liquids?

    <p>Gases can be easily compressed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement describes the correct way to indicate the state of a substance in a chemical equation?

    <p>Use state symbols in the form of letters in brackets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Chemical Substances and Reactions

    • Substances: Substances are made of atoms. Elements are different types of atoms, represented in the periodic table. A compound contains two or more different types of atoms bonded together.
    • Chemical Formulas: Chemical formulas, like H₂O for water, show the type and number of atoms in a compound. If no number follows an element symbol, it's implied to be one.
    • Chemical Reactions: In chemical reactions, atoms rearrange, but are not created or destroyed. Equations must be balanced to have the same number and type of atoms on both sides. Balance atoms within compounds first, then multiply elements/compounds with coefficients.
    • Mixtures: Mixtures are combinations of elements and compounds that are not chemically bonded. Examples include air and salt water.
    • Separating Mixtures: Different methods exist to separate mixtures:
      • Filtration: Separates large, insoluble particles from a liquid.
      • Crystallization: Separates a dissolved solid (solute) from a liquid (solvent) by evaporating the solvent.
      • Distillation: Separates different liquids in a mixture based on their different boiling points. Fractional distillation further refines this process.
    • Purity: Testing melting/boiling points helps determine substance purity. A pure substance has a very specific and constant melting/boiling point.
    • Formulations: Formulations are specially designed mixtures used in specific ways (e.g. paints, fuels, alloys).
    • Chromatography: Separates substances in a mixture, like pigments, drugs, etc. using a stationary and mobile phase. The retention factor (Rf) value aids in identification.

    States of Matter and Atomic Structure

    • States of Matter: The three main states are solid, liquid, and gas. The difference lies in particle arrangement and energy. Gases are compressible, while solids and liquids are not.
    • Energy Changes: Melting and evaporation require energy input to overcome attractive forces between particles.
    • State Symbols: State symbols in equations (s, l, g, aq).
    • Atomic Models:
      • Plum Pudding Model: Atoms have positive and negative charges embedded within.
      • Nuclear Model: Atoms have a tiny, positively charged nucleus with electrons orbiting.
      • Shell Model: Electrons exist in shells or orbitals.
      • Neutron Discovery: The nucleus also contains neutrally charged neutrons.
    • Atoms vs. Ions: Ions are atoms that have gained or lost electrons, thus having a charge.
    • Periodic Table:
      • Atomic Number: The number of protons in the nucleus.
      • Mass Number (RAM/Relative Atomic Mass): The number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. The periodic table often shows the average mass for all isotopes in the world.
      • Electron Configuration: Electrons fill shells sequentially (2, 8, 8, 2).
        • Metal atoms tend to lose electrons to gain a full outer shell.
        • Nonmetal atoms tend to gain electrons.

    Periodic Table and Bonding

    • Metals, Nonmetals, Metalloids: The periodic table is categorized by various properties, including these general groups.
    • Groups: The vertical columns of the periodic table, denoting the number of electrons in the outermost shell.
      • Group 1 (Alkali Metals): Donate 1 electron when bonding, increasing reactivity down the group.
      • Group 7 (Halogens): Accept 1 electron, decreasing reactivity down the group.
      • Group 0 or 8 (Noble Gases): Full outer shell, unreactive.
    • Ions (Charges):
      • Group 1: +1
      • Group 2: +2
      • Group 6: -2
      • Group 7: -1
      • Some transition metals can have variable charges (e.g., Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺).
    • Metallic Bonding: A lattice of positive ions with delocalized electrons holding it together. Metals are typically good conductors of heat and electricity.
    • Ionic Bonding: A metal loses electrons to a nonmetal, forming oppositely charged ions that are attracted to each other in a lattice. Ionic compounds have high melting/boiling points and are usually crystalline.
    • Dot and Cross Diagrams: Visual representations of electrons in ionic bonds.
    • Molecular Ions: Ions formed from multiple atoms (e.g., OH⁻).
    • Covalent Bonding: Nonmetals share electrons to gain a full outer shell.

    Types of Formulas and Chemical Equations

    • Molecular/Covalent Structures, simple covalent: Consisting of individual molecules, they have relatively low boiling points.
    • Giant Covalent Bonding: Atoms are covalently bonded in a continuous network (e.g. diamond, graphite).
    • Allotropes Different forms of the same element with different structures/properties.
    • Alloys A mixture of different metals bonded together. Alloy properties are often superior to pure metal properties.
    • Compounds: The names of compounds (e.g., salts) are derived from the ion names of their constituent parts.
    • Ionic compound Names are derived from the names of their constituent ions, the metal cation followed by the non-metal anion.

    Moles calculations

    • Moles: A way to compare quantities of substances. Number of moles relates to mass, formula mass and volume, and is found using g/RAM = Moles
    • Stoichiometry: Using the ratios of moles in a balanced chemical equation to predict or calculate quantities of reactants and products.
    • Reactions with Gas Production If a gas is produced and leaves the reaction vessel, the mass change is considered the loss of gas, rather than an error in calculations.
    • Limiting Reactant: The reactant that runs out first, limiting the maximum amount of product that can be formed.

    Thermochemistry

    • Exothermic Reactions: Net energy is released to the surroundings; ΔH = negative, temperature increase of surroundings.
    • Endothermic Reactions: Net energy is absorbed from the surroundings; ΔH = positive, temperature decrease of surroundings.
    • Energy Profiles: Visual representations of the energy changes in a reaction, showing activation energy.
    • Activation Energy (Ea): Energy needed to start a chemical reaction.
    • Bond Energy: Energy required to break a bond.

    Identifying Reactions

    • Flame Tests: Using different metal salt flames to identify metals.
    • Testing Solutions: Identifying ions by reactions.
    • Precipitation Reactions: Forming a solid precipitate when reacting solutions of different ions.
    • Titration: Determining the concentration of a solution by gradually adding a solution of known concentration until neutralization occurs.
    • Neutralization Reactions: Reaction between an acid and a base to produce salt and water.
    • Reversibility: Some processes can be reversed by adjusting conditions.
    • Haber Process: Industrial process for producing ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen, showing the importance of yield and reaction rate.
    • Fertilizers & their Materials

    Solutions and Electrolysis

    • Concentration: Given as g/dm³ or mol/dm³ (molar).
    • Dissolution: Substances dissolving and their ions dissociating in water.
    • Electrolysis: Using an electric current to drive a non-spontaneous reaction. Separating elements, purifying metals using inert electrodes.
    • pH scale: A logarithmic scale measuring acidity or alkalinity based on H+ ions concentration (strong vs. weak acids), and the concentration of OH- ions for bases.
    • Oxidation and Reduction: Loss and gain of electrons (OIL RIG).

    Organic Chemistry Basics (and some more detail for triple)

    • Hydrocarbons: Compounds consisting of only carbon and hydrogen.
    • Alkanes: Single-bonded hydrocarbons (general formula CₙH₂ₙ₊₂).
    • Alkenes: Double-bonded hydrocarbons (contain a C=C double bond; unsaturated).
    • Alcohols: Organic compounds with -OH (hydroxyl) functional groups.
      • Oxidation of alcohols form acids.
    • Polymerization: Joining monomers to make polymers.
      • Addition polymerization: Alkenes form polymers by adding monomers to existing chains.
      • Condensation polymerization: Two monomers react to produce a polymer and a small molecule (water).
    • Crude Oil Fractions: Separated by fractional distillation based on differences in boiling points.
      • Petrol (gasoline), kerosene, diesel, heavy fuel oil, LPG.
    • Cracking: Breaking down long-chain hydrocarbons into shorter, more useful alkenes and alkanes.
    • Esters: Formed from the condensation reaction of an alcohol and a carboxylic acid.

    Atmosphere & Environmental Chemistry

    • Changing Atmosphere: Historical data points are used to model or extrapolate the atmosphere's composition over time.
    • Greenhouse Effect: Gases trap heat in the atmosphere, preventing it from escaping into space. Water vapor is the significant greenhouse gas.
    • Fossil Fuels: Combustion releases CO₂ and other pollutants.
    • Acid Rain: Burning fossil fuels releases sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides.
    • Air Pollutants: CO, SO₂, NOx, pollutants.

    Water Treatment and Potable Water

    • Potable Water: Water safe for consumption, with low levels of microbes and salts.
    • Desalination: Removing salt from seawater (distillation, reverse osmosis).
    • Water Treatment: Removing impurities like microbes and sediment.

    Corrosion & Alloys

    • Corrosion: Chemical deterioration of materials by reactions with the environment (e.g. rusting of iron).
    • Sacrificial Protection: Using a more reactive metal to protect another metal.
    • Alloys: Mixtures of metals that often have improved properties.

    Reaction Rates

    • Rate of Reactions: The speed of a chemical reaction (change in quantity/time).
    • Factors Affecting Rate (experiment design elements):
      • Concentration (solution, gas): More frequent collisions.
      • Pressure (gas): More frequent collisions.
      • Surface Area (solid): More surface area for collisions.
      • Temperature: Increased kinetic energy, more energetic collisions.
      • Catalyst: Lowering activation energy means more collisions become successful, but the catalyst is unchanged.
    • Reversible Reactions & Equilibrium: Rates become equal and no observable change occurs, equilibrium reached, but conditions can affect the position of equilibrium.
    • Le Chatelier's Principle: How changes in pressure, concentration, and temperature shift the equilibrium.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Description

    Test your knowledge on chemical substances, reactions, and formulas. This quiz covers elements, compounds, and the processes involved in balancing chemical equations. Additionally, it explores mixtures and methods for their separation.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser