Chemical Reactions Types and Equations

Chemical Equation: A representation of a chemical reaction using symbols and formulas of reactants and products.
Types of Chemical Reactions:
- Combination Reaction: Two or more substances combine to form a new substance.
- Decomposition Reaction: A single substance breaks down into two or more substances.
- Displacement Reaction: One element displaces another element from a compound.
- Oxidation-Reduction Reaction: Involves the transfer of electrons.
Chemical Reaction Types:
- Exothermic Reaction: Releases heat energy.
- Endothermic Reaction: Absorbs heat energy.

Acids:
- Definition: A substance that donates a proton (H+ ion).
- Characteristics: Sour taste, turns blue litmus paper red, and conducts electricity.
- Examples: Hydrochloric acid (HCl), Sulfuric acid (H2SO4), Nitric acid (HNO3).
Bases:
- Definition: A substance that accepts a proton (H+ ion).
- Characteristics: Bitter taste, turns red litmus paper blue, and conducts electricity.
- Examples: Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2).
Salts:
- Definition: A compound formed by the reaction of an acid and a base.
- Examples: Sodium chloride (NaCl), Calcium carbonate (CaCO3).

Reflection of Light:
- Laws of Reflection:
  - The incident ray, reflected ray, and normal to the mirror are at the same point.
  - The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
Refraction of Light:
- Definition: The bending of light as it passes from one medium to another.
- Snell's Law: The ratio of the sines of the angles of incidence and refraction is equal to the ratio of the refractive indices of the two media.

Nutrition:
- Autotrophic Nutrition: Plants make their own food through photosynthesis.
- Heterotrophic Nutrition: Animals obtain food from other sources.
Respiration:
- Definition: The process of breaking down glucose to release energy.
- Types: Aerobic Respiration (in presence of oxygen) and Anaerobic Respiration (in absence of oxygen).
Transportation:
- Definition: The movement of substances through the body.
- Types: Blood Transportation (in animals) and Xylem and Phloem Transportation (in plants).

A chemical equation is a representation of a chemical reaction using symbols and formulas of reactants and products.
Combination reactions combine two or more substances to form a new substance.
Decomposition reactions involve a single substance breaking down into two or more substances.
Displacement reactions involve one element displacing another element from a compound.
Oxidation-reduction reactions involve the transfer of electrons.
Exothermic reactions release heat energy.
Endothermic reactions absorb heat energy.

Acids are substances that donate a proton (H+ ion) and have a sour taste, turn blue litmus paper red, and conduct electricity.
Examples of acids include hydrochloric acid (HCl), sulfuric acid (H2SO4), and nitric acid (HNO3).
Bases are substances that accept a proton (H+ ion) and have a bitter taste, turn red litmus paper blue, and conduct electricity.
Examples of bases include sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2).
Salts are compounds formed by the reaction of an acid and a base.
Examples of salts include sodium chloride (NaCl) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3).

The laws of reflection state that the incident ray, reflected ray, and normal to the mirror are at the same point, and the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
Refraction of light is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another.
Snell's Law states that the ratio of the sines of the angles of incidence and refraction is equal to the ratio of the refractive indices of the two media.

Autotrophic nutrition is the process by which plants make their own food through photosynthesis.
Heterotrophic nutrition is the process by which animals obtain food from other sources.
Respiration is the process of breaking down glucose to release energy.
Aerobic respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen, while anaerobic respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen.
Transportation is the movement of substances through the body.
Blood transportation occurs in animals, while xylem and phloem transportation occur in plants.

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