Chemical Reactions Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the correct order of balancing atoms in a chemical equation?

  • Other atoms, then hydrogen, oxygen, and finally atoms that appear in only one molecule
  • Balance atoms that appear in multiple molecules, then hydrogen, oxygen, and finally other atoms
  • Hydrogen and oxygen, then other atoms
  • First balance atoms that appear in only one molecule, then hydrogen, oxygen, and finally other atoms (correct)

    • What is evaporation, in terms of phase change?

  • The process of changing from a solid to a liquid
  • The process of changing from a gas to a liquid
  • The process of changing from a gas to a solid
  • The process of changing from a liquid to a gas or vapor (correct)

    • What determines the properties and reactivity of an atom?

  • The number of electron shells
  • The number of protons in the nucleus
  • The number of electrons in the outermost energy level (correct)
  • The number of neutrons in the nucleus

    • What is the relationship between the group number and the number of valence electrons in an atom?

    <p>The group number is always equal to the number of valence electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum number of electrons that a d orbital can hold?

    <p>10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the size of an ion, depending on whether it gains or loses electrons?

    <p>Ionic radius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the atomic radius of an atom when it loses an electron to become a cation?

    <p>It decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do atoms at the top right of the periodic table have higher ionization energy requirements?

    <p>Due to their smaller number of orbitals and larger number of protons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is electronegativity?

    <p>The ability to attract and hold electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the degree of bond polarity?

    <p>The difference in electronegativity values between two elements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of main group elements?

    <p>They vary greatly in properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the number of electron orbitals surrounding an atom's nucleus?

    <p>It determines the atom's ionization energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate the density of an object?

    <p>mass / volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the force created on the bottom of an object when submerged in a fluid?

    <p>Buoyant force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a hypothesis in the scientific method?

    <p>To be tested in an experiment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a scientist's evaluation of another scientist's work?

    <p>Peer review</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a hypothesis that is widely supported by empirical research?

    <p>Scientific theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in the experimental design process?

    <p>Defining variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of coefficients in a balanced chemical equation?

    <p>To balance the number of atoms for each element</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a chemical reaction on the arrangement of atoms in the reacting molecules?

    <p>The arrangement of atoms is changed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between reactants and products in a chemical reaction?

    <p>Reactants are the starting materials, while products are the resulting molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the law of conservation of matter, as it relates to chemical reactions?

    <p>Matter cannot be created or destroyed during a chemical reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the reactants and products having the same number of atoms?

    <p>It means that the law of conservation of matter is obeyed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would happen if subscript numbers in a chemical equation were changed?

    <p>The chemicals reacting or being produced would be changed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a science experiment?

    <p>A systematic method to figure out the structure and behavior of the world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of keeping everything else constant in an experiment?

    <p>To make the experiment fair and unbiased.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the accuracy and reproducibility of data?

    <p>Accuracy refers to how close the data is to the true value, while reproducibility refers to how precise the data is.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the median of a dataset?

    <p>The middle value of the dataset when it is arranged in order.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the independent variable in an experiment?

    <p>The variable that is deliberately changed by the experimenter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the graph of a linear relationship?

    <p>A straight line.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of regression in understanding the relationship between two variables?

    <p>To predict the value of one variable when the other variable is known.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the scientific method?

    <p>A systematic process to develop and test a hypothesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do we calculate values based on other data in scientific analysis?

    <p>Because it is difficult to obtain the unknown value directly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of rearranging formulas in scientific analysis?

    <p>To solve for an unknown value when given other values.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of elements in groups 1, 2, and 13?

    <p>They are soft, shiny, and silver-colored metals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unique about transition metals?

    <p>They have partially filled d sublevels of electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basis of life on Earth?

    <p>Carbon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of carbon in the body?

    <p>To regulate the physiology of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of living things?

    <p>They are made of carbon and other elements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What affects how clouds float at different altitudes?

    <p>Density</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Chemical Reactions

    • A chemical reaction is a process where bonds are formed and broken, and atoms are rearranged.
    • A chemical reaction has two parts: reactants (starting materials) and products (resulting chemicals).
    • The Law of Conservation of Matter states that matter cannot be created or destroyed, so the number of atoms of each element is the same in reactants and products.

    Balancing Chemical Equations

    • A balanced chemical equation is one where the number of atoms of each element is equal on both reactant and product sides.
    • To balance a chemical equation:
      • Change a word equation into a formula equation.
      • Balance each atom one at a time.
      • First, balance any atoms that appear in only one molecule on the product and reactant sides.
      • Then, balance non-hydrogen and oxygen atoms.
      • Finally, balance hydrogen and oxygen atoms.

    Phase Changes

    • Phase changes occur when energy and pressure are added or removed from a system.
    • The three main phases found in nature are solid, liquid, and gas (vapor).
    • Types of phase changes:
      • Evaporation (liquid to vapor)
      • Condensation (vapor to liquid)
      • Sublimation (solid to vapor)
      • Deposition (vapor to solid)
      • Freezing (liquid to solid)
      • Melting (solid to liquid)

    Valence Electrons

    • Valence electrons are the electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom.
    • The number of valence electrons determines an atom's properties and reactivity.
    • The group number of an atom can be used to determine the number of valence electrons.

    Ionic Radius

    • Ionic radius describes the size of an ion.
    • Anions (negatively charged ions) have larger ionic radii than their parent atoms.
    • Cations (positively charged ions) have smaller ionic radii than their parent atoms.

    Electronegativity

    • Electronegativity is the ability of an atom to attract and hold electrons.
    • Electronegativity values range from 0.7 to 3.98.
    • Electrostatic attraction between atoms with different electronegativities can lead to the formation of polar bonds.

    Periodic Table

    • The periodic table is organized by groups (columns) and periods (rows).
    • Main group elements are in groups 1, 2, and 13-18.
    • Transition metals are in groups 3-12.
    • Properties of elements vary greatly depending on their position in the periodic table.

    Carbon

    • Carbon is an element with 6 protons and 6 neutrons in its nucleus, and 6 electrons orbiting around it.
    • Carbon is the basis for life on Earth, and is found in all living things.
    • Carbon has many different shapes and forms, including diamonds, graphite, charcoal, and coal.

    Living Things

    • Living things are systems made up of interdependent parts that are able to stay alive.
    • Characteristics of living things include:
      • Organized structure
      • Ability to grow
      • Use of energy
      • Response to environment
      • Adaptation and homeostasis
      • Reproduction

    Density

    • Density is a measure of how compact something is.
    • Density affects everyday life, such as how clouds float at different altitudes, and why objects float or sink in water.
    • Density is calculated by dividing mass by volume.

    Buoyancy

    • Buoyancy is the ability of an object to float when submerged in a fluid.
    • The buoyant force of an object is equal to the weight of the fluid that is displaced by the object.

    Scientific Method

    • The scientific method is a series of steps used by scientists to answer questions about the world.
    • Steps of the scientific method include:
      • Asking a question
      • Conducting background research
      • Creating a hypothesis
      • Conducting an experiment
      • Analyzing data
      • Forming a conclusion

    Experimental Design

    • Experimental design is an invaluable process in the scientific community to provide data to support or refute a hypothesis.
    • Steps in the experimental design include:
      • Defining variables
      • Formulating hypotheses
      • Creating an experimental design process
      • Assigning subjects
      • Measuring the dependent variable

    Central Tendency

    • Central tendency is a way of summarizing data with a single number.
    • Measures of central tendency include:
      • Mode (most frequently occurring value)
      • Mean (average value)
      • Median (middle value)### Regression Analysis
    • A regression curve can be plotted on a graph to visualize the relationship between x and y variables.

    Scientific Method

    • The scientific method involves:
      • Recognizing and formulating a problem
      • Collecting data through systematic observation, measurements, and experiments
      • Formulating, testing, and modifying the hypothesis

    Ideal Experiments

    • In ideal experiments, two variables are used:
      • One variable is changed (independent variable)
      • The effect of the change on the other variable (dependent variable) is observed

    Calculating Unknown Values

    • In scientific analysis, values are often calculated based on other collected data.
    • This is done when obtaining the unknown value is difficult or time-consuming.
    • If only one value is missing from an equation, it can be easily determined using the other known values.
    • Formula rearrangement may be necessary to calculate the missing value.

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    Description

    Learn about chemical reactions, including reactants, products, and how they are written. Understand the basics of chemical reactions and their components.

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