Chemical Reactions and Equations
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary distinction between metals and non-metals in chemical reactions?

  • Metals tend to gain electrons while non-metals lose electrons.
  • Metals have a higher boiling point than non-metals.
  • Non-metals are more reactive than metals in all cases.
  • Metals mainly conduct electricity while non-metals do not. (correct)

    • In which section would you find the properties of acids, bases, and salts?

  • Acids, Bases and Salts (correct)
  • Life Processes
  • Electricity
  • Chemical Reactions and Equations

    • Which topic covers the principles of light behavior such as reflection and refraction?

  • Magnetic Effects of Electric Current
  • Heredity
  • Light – Reflection and Refraction (correct)
  • The Human Eye and Colourful World

    • What is a key focus of the 'Our Environment' section?

    <p>Impact of human activities on ecosystems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fundamental process is primarily addressed under 'Control and Coordination'?

    <p>Nervous system and hormonal regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the focus of the 'How Do Organisms Reproduce' section?

    <p>Differentiation of reproductive strategies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best summarizes the aim of the 'Carbon and its Compounds' section?

    <p>To investigate the reactions of carbon-containing substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which section would you find the effects of electric current?

    <p>Magnetic Effects of Electric Current</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the organic compound 'A' that is an essential constituent of wine and beer?

    <p>Ethanol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organic acid 'B' is formed by the oxidation of compound 'A'?

    <p>Acetic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What gives the members of a homologous series their similar chemical properties?

    <p>Functional group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structural formula of the first member of the alkene series?

    <p>C2H4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the term 'catenation' in carbon compounds?

    <p>Ability of carbon to form long chains with itself</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the reaction between 'A' and 'B' in the presence of an acid catalyst?

    <p>Formation of an ester</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes to the large number of carbon compounds?

    <p>Catenation and tetravalency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When micelles are formed upon adding soap to water, what property is responsible for this phenomenon?

    <p>Hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions of soap molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following compounds are structural isomers of butane?

    <p>Butanol and Butanal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an unsaturated compound?

    <p>Propyne</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the reaction of chlorine with saturated hydrocarbons, what condition is preferred?

    <p>Absence of sunlight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many covalent bonds are found in a molecule of pentane (C5H12)?

    <p>16 covalent bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general structure of vinegar?

    <p>5% – 8% acetic acid in water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the electronic configuration that carbon attains after forming four covalent bonds?

    <p>Neon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compound does not belong to the same homologous series?

    <p>C4H8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the compound CH3—CH2—CHO?

    <p>Propanal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mole ratio of hydrogen to oxygen gases produced during the electrolysis of water?

    <p>2:1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following processes is considered an endothermic process?

    <p>Sublimation of dry ice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a double displacement reaction between potassium iodide and lead nitrate, which substitute can be used for lead nitrate if it is unavailable?

    <p>Lead acetate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the amphoteric nature of aluminium oxide attributed to?

    <p>It can react with both acids and bases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gases are suitable for storing fresh oil samples for an extended period?

    <p>Helium and nitrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which metals are constituents of bronze?

    <p>Copper and tin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reaction occurs when aluminum reacts with ferric oxide?

    <p>Displacement reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is correct regarding the reaction used for laboratory preparation of oxygen gas?

    <p>It is a decomposition reaction and is endothermic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can be beaten into thin sheets?

    <p>Zinc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is correct regarding ductility?

    <p>Generally, metals are ductile.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes ionic compounds in terms of solubility in water?

    <p>They are generally soluble in water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following processes involves a chemical reaction?

    <p>Heating copper wire in presence of air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a metal?

    <p>Sulphur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of compound is typically characterized by weak forces of attraction?

    <p>Covalent compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemical equation accurately represents the states of reactants and products at reaction temperature?

    <p>2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(g)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents combination reactions?

    <p>(ii) and (iii)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the state of product 'C' when aluminum reacts with ferric oxide?

    <p>Liquid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The substance that will be flattened on beating with a hammer is

    <p>Zinc granule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do we call a reaction where one element displaces another in a compound?

    <p>Displacement reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following metals does not react with dilute hydrochloric acid?

    <p>Copper</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a reduction process, what is typically required to obtain metals from their compounds?

    <p>Heating in the presence of a reducing agent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following reacts with cold water vigorously?

    <p>Sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following non-metals reacts and catches fire on exposure to air?

    <p>Phosphorus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which metal can be cut with a knife, contrary to the general properties of metals?

    <p>Sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Metals and Non-Metals in Chemical Reactions

    • Metals tend to lose electrons and form positive ions (cations).
    • Non-metals tend to gain electrons and form negative ions (anions).
    • This difference in electron behavior is the primary distinction between metals and non-metals in chemical reactions.

    Acids, Bases, and Salts

    • The properties of acids, bases, and salts are typically found in a section dedicated to chemistry or chemical reactions.

    Light Behavior

    • The principles of light behavior, including reflection and refraction, are typically covered in a section on optics or wave phenomena.

    Our Environment

    • The 'Our Environment' section primarily focuses on environmental issues, conservation, and sustainable practices.

    Control and Coordination

    • The 'Control and Coordination' section primarily addresses the nervous and endocrine systems in living organisms.

    How Do Organisms Reproduce

    • This section focuses on the diverse mechanisms of reproduction in living organisms, covering processes like sexual, asexual, and vegetative reproduction.

    Carbon and its Compounds

    • The 'Carbon and its Compounds' section primarily explores the structure, bonding, and properties of organic compounds containing carbon.

    Effects of Electric Current

    • The effects of electric current are typically studied in a section on electricity or electromagnetism.

    Organic Compound 'A' and 'B'

    • Compound 'A': The organic compound 'A' is ethanol (C2H5OH), a key component in wine and beer.
    • Compound 'B': The organic acid 'B' is acetic acid (CH3COOH), formed by the oxidation of ethanol.

    Homologous Series

    • The functional group present in organic compounds determines their similar chemical properties within a homologous series.
    • Functional group: A specific group of atoms within a molecule responsible for its characteristic chemical behavior.

    Alkene Series

    • The first member of the alkene series is ethene (C2H4).
    • Structural formula of ethene: H2C=CH2

    Catenation

    • Catenation: The ability of carbon atoms to form long chains or rings by bonding with each other.

    Reaction of 'A' and 'B'

    • When ethanol (A) reacts with acetic acid (B) in the presence of an acid catalyst, the product is ethyl acetate, an ester.

    Large Number of Carbon Compounds

    • The catenation property of carbon, along with its ability to form single, double, and triple bonds, leads to the vast diversity of carbon compounds.

    Micelle Formation

    • The formation of micelles upon adding soap to water is due to the hydrophobic (water-repelling) and hydrophilic (water-attracting) nature of soap molecules.

    Structural Isomers of Butane

    • Structural isomers of butane:
      • n-butane (CH3CH2CH2CH3)
      • isobutane (CH3CH(CH3)CH3)

    Unsaturated Compound

    • Unsaturated compound: A compound containing at least one double or triple bond between carbon atoms.
    • Example: Ethylene (C2H4)

    Reaction of Chlorine with Hydrocarbons

    • Reaction of chlorine with saturated hydrocarbons: This reaction typically requires UV light or a catalyst to proceed.

    Covalent Bonds in Pentane

    • A molecule of pentane (C5H12) contains 16 covalent bonds.

    General Structure of Vinegar

    • Vinegar is a dilute aqueous solution of acetic acid (CH3COOH).

    Electronic Configuration of Carbon

    • After forming four covalent bonds, carbon attains the electronic configuration of 1s²2s²2p⁶, which resembles the stable configuration of the noble gas neon.

    Compound Not Belonging to the Same Homologous Series

    • The compound that does not belong to the same homologous series as the others is CH3OH (methanol), as it is an alcohol, while the others are alkanes.

    Name of the Compound CH3—CH2—CHO

    • The name of the compound CH3—CH2—CHO is propanal.

    Mole Ratio of Hydrogen to Oxygen

    • The mole ratio of hydrogen to oxygen gases produced during the electrolysis of water is 2:1.

    Endothermic Process

    • An endothermic process is one that absorbs heat from the surroundings.

    Substitute for Lead Nitrate

    • If lead nitrate is unavailable, lead acetate can be used as a substitute in the double displacement reaction with potassium iodide.

    Amphoteric Nature of Aluminium Oxide

    • The amphoteric nature of aluminium oxide (Al2O3) is attributed to its ability to react with both acids and bases.

    Gases for Storing Fresh Oil Samples

    • Nitrogen and argon are suitable for storing fresh oil samples for an extended period as they are inert gases, minimising oxidation reactions.

    Constituents of Bronze

    • Bronze is an alloy primarily composed of copper and tin.

    Reaction of Aluminum with Ferric Oxide

    • The reaction between aluminum and ferric oxide (Fe2O3) is an exothermic reaction commonly known as the thermite reaction, producing molten iron and releasing a significant amount of heat.

    Laboratory Preparation of Oxygen Gas

    • During the laboratory preparation of oxygen gas, potassium permanganate (KMnO4) is heated to decompose it and release oxygen gas.
    • The relevant equation: 2KMnO4(s) → K2MnO4(s) + MnO2(s) + O2(g)

    Beating a Metal into Thin Sheets

    • The property of being able to be beaten into thin sheets is called malleability.

    Ductility

    • Ductility is the ability of a metal to be drawn into thin wires.

    Solubility of Ionic Compounds

    • Ionic compounds generally have high solubility in water because the polar water molecules can effectively interact with the charged ions.

    Chemical Reaction Process

    • Chemical reactions involve the formation of new substances with different properties, often accompanied by energy changes.

    Non-Metal

    • Silicon is a non-metal.

    Weak Forces of Attraction

    • Covalent compounds typically have weak forces of attraction between their molecules.

    Accurate Chemical Equation Representation

    • A chemical equation accurately represents the states of reactants and products at reaction temperature by using the following symbols:
      • (s) for solid
      • (l) for liquid
      • (g) for gas
      • (aq) for aqueous solution

    Combination Reactions

    • Combination reactions involve the formation of a single product from two or more reactants.
    • Example: 2Na(s) + Cl2(g) → 2NaCl(s)

    State of Product 'C' in Aluminum and Ferric Oxide Reaction

    • When aluminum reacts with ferric oxide, the product 'C' is molten iron (l), a liquid at the reaction temperature.

    Substance Flattened by a Hammer

    • Metals can be flattened on beating with a hammer due to their malleability.

    Displacement Reaction

    • A reaction where one element displaces another in a compound is called a displacement reaction or single replacement reaction.

    Metal Not Reacting with Dilute Hydrochloric Acid

    • Copper (Cu) does not react with dilute hydrochloric acid.

    Obtaining Metals from Their Compounds

    • In a reduction process, reducing agents are typically required to obtain metals from their compounds.
    • Reducing agent: A substance that donates electrons and causes the reduction of another substance.

    Metals Reacting Vigorously with Cold Water

    • Sodium (Na) and potassium (K) react vigorously with cold water.

    Non-Metal Reacting with Air

    • Phosphorus (P) reacts with air and catches fire.

    Metal Cut with a Knife

    • Sodium (Na) can be cut with a knife.

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