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Questions and Answers
What is marble primarily made of?
What is marble primarily made of?
- Sandstone
- Granite
- Limestone (correct)
- Quartz
Gneiss is known for its coarse-grained structure and can contain large amounts of quartz.
Gneiss is known for its coarse-grained structure and can contain large amounts of quartz.
True (A)
What process leads to the formation of sedimentary rocks?
What process leads to the formation of sedimentary rocks?
Lithification
Sedimentary rocks take thousands to millions of years to become _____ after sediment is deposited.
Sedimentary rocks take thousands to millions of years to become _____ after sediment is deposited.
Which of the following is NOT one of the nine most common rock-forming minerals?
Which of the following is NOT one of the nine most common rock-forming minerals?
Quartzite is an extremely soft, granular rock primarily made of quartz.
Quartzite is an extremely soft, granular rock primarily made of quartz.
Name one process that alters igneous rocks at the surface.
Name one process that alters igneous rocks at the surface.
Match the following metamorphic rocks with their characteristics:
Match the following metamorphic rocks with their characteristics:
Which mineral ranks highest on Moh's Hardness Scale?
Which mineral ranks highest on Moh's Hardness Scale?
The minerals on Moh's Hardness Scale are all rare and difficult to find.
The minerals on Moh's Hardness Scale are all rare and difficult to find.
What property describes the ability of minerals to be sliced by a knife?
What property describes the ability of minerals to be sliced by a knife?
The mineral _____ has a distinctly salty taste.
The mineral _____ has a distinctly salty taste.
Match the mineral with its hardness rating on Moh's Hardness Scale:
Match the mineral with its hardness rating on Moh's Hardness Scale:
Which of the following minerals effervesces in hydrochloric acid?
Which of the following minerals effervesces in hydrochloric acid?
Metallic minerals are poor conductors of heat and electricity.
Metallic minerals are poor conductors of heat and electricity.
Who developed the Moh's Hardness Scale?
Who developed the Moh's Hardness Scale?
Which type of sedimentary rock is formed from organic materials?
Which type of sedimentary rock is formed from organic materials?
Metamorphic rocks can only be formed from chemical rocks.
Metamorphic rocks can only be formed from chemical rocks.
What are the two classifications of metamorphic rocks?
What are the two classifications of metamorphic rocks?
Weathering can be classified into ___ and ___ types.
Weathering can be classified into ___ and ___ types.
Match the following types of weathering with their descriptions:
Match the following types of weathering with their descriptions:
Which characteristic is NOT true for minerals?
Which characteristic is NOT true for minerals?
Disintegration refers to a chemical change, resulting in new substances.
Disintegration refers to a chemical change, resulting in new substances.
What is the main difference between rocks and minerals?
What is the main difference between rocks and minerals?
Which of the following is NOT a type of sedimentary rock?
Which of the following is NOT a type of sedimentary rock?
Chemical sedimentary rocks are formed from mechanical weathering.
Chemical sedimentary rocks are formed from mechanical weathering.
What process leads to the formation of clastic sedimentary rocks?
What process leads to the formation of clastic sedimentary rocks?
Coal is primarily made up of __________ matter.
Coal is primarily made up of __________ matter.
Which is an example of organic sedimentary rock?
Which is an example of organic sedimentary rock?
Name one process responsible for the formation of sediments.
Name one process responsible for the formation of sediments.
Match each type of sedimentary rock with its description:
Match each type of sedimentary rock with its description:
Exogenic processes are responsible for building up the Earth's surface.
Exogenic processes are responsible for building up the Earth's surface.
Which process is not a cause of physical weathering?
Which process is not a cause of physical weathering?
Carbonation occurs when oxygen combines with minerals in rocks.
Carbonation occurs when oxygen combines with minerals in rocks.
What is the term used for the lowering surface of the land mass from which materials are removed due to erosion?
What is the term used for the lowering surface of the land mass from which materials are removed due to erosion?
Animals and plants can cause rocks to wear away through __________ activity.
Animals and plants can cause rocks to wear away through __________ activity.
Match the weathering processes with their descriptions:
Match the weathering processes with their descriptions:
Which of the following describes the freeze and thaw process?
Which of the following describes the freeze and thaw process?
Wind and waves are ineffective agents of physical weathering.
Wind and waves are ineffective agents of physical weathering.
What is the main agent of chemical weathering involving the reaction of water?
What is the main agent of chemical weathering involving the reaction of water?
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Study Notes
Chemical Properties of Minerals
- Flexibility: Minerals can bend but generally remain in their new position (inelastic).
- Taste and Reactivity: Some minerals, like halite, have a distinctly salty taste and effervesce in hydrochloric acid, releasing carbon dioxide.
Moh's Scale of Hardness
- Purpose: Used for identifying minerals by comparing their hardness.
- Development: Created by Friedrich Mohs in 1812.
- Hardness Range: Scale ranges from talc (1 - very soft) to diamond (10 - very hard).
- Key Minerals: Talc, Gypsum, Calcite, Fluorite, Apatite, Orthoclase, Quartz, Topaz, Corundum, Diamond.
Metallic Minerals
- Definition: Contain one or more metals and are conductors of heat and electricity.
- Examples:
- Marble: Hard, crystalline form of limestone used in sculpture and architecture.
- Gneiss: Coarse-grained metamorphic rock with a banded structure.
- Quartzite: Extremely hard, granular rock composed mainly of quartz.
Rock Formation and Types
- Metamorphic Rocks: Formed when existing rocks are heated or squeezed without melting.
- Sedimentary Rocks: Created from the lithification of sediments over thousands to millions of years, formed through weathering, erosion, and deposition.
- Common Rock-Forming Minerals: Feldspar, Olivine, Clay, Pyroxene, Dolomite, Calcite, Mica, Amphibole, Quartz.
Types of Sedimentary Rocks
- Clastic: Formed from mechanical weathering, consisting of clasts piled together.
- Chemical: Result from precipitation of dissolved materials.
- Organic: Contain fossilized remains of plants and animals.
- Examples:
- Conglomerate: Composed of cemented pebbles and gravel.
- Sandstone: Comprised of sand or quartz grains.
- Coal: Organic rock largely made of carbonized plant matter.
Weathering and Erosion
- Weathering: Changes occurring at Earth's surface, divided into mechanical and chemical types.
- Mechanical Weathering:
- Breaks rocks into smaller pieces without changing their composition.
- Chemical Weathering:
- Alters the internal structure of minerals through chemical reactions, such as hydration, carbonation, and oxidation.
- Erosion: The movement of weathered rock via air, water, wind, and gravity, potentially leading to denudation (lowering of land surface).
Causes of Erosion
- Natural Processes: Include weathering by wind, ice, and water.
- Examples of Chemical Processes: Hydration, carbonation, oxidation.
Minerals vs. Rocks
- Minerals: Pure substances with a specific chemical composition and crystal structure.
- Rocks: Composed of multiple minerals and may contain organic material; do not have a definite crystalline structure.
Key Characteristics of Minerals
- Must be solid, inorganic, naturally occurring, possess a specific chemical formula, and include a crystalline structure.
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