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Questions and Answers
Alcohols are organic compounds where a hydroxyl group replaces the ______ atom of an aliphatic carbon.
Alcohols are organic compounds where a hydroxyl group replaces the ______ atom of an aliphatic carbon.
hydrogen
An alcohol molecule consists of two parts: the alkyl group and the ______ group.
An alcohol molecule consists of two parts: the alkyl group and the ______ group.
hydroxyl
Like water, alcohols are polar containing an unsymmetrical distribution of charge between the oxygen and ______ atoms.
Like water, alcohols are polar containing an unsymmetrical distribution of charge between the oxygen and ______ atoms.
hydrogen
Types of Alcohol: Monohydric alcohols contain ______ -OH group.
Types of Alcohol: Monohydric alcohols contain ______ -OH group.
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Based on the number of carbon atoms attached to the carbon bonded to the -OH group, alcohols are classified into three types: Primary alcohol has ______ carbon atom attached.
Based on the number of carbon atoms attached to the carbon bonded to the -OH group, alcohols are classified into three types: Primary alcohol has ______ carbon atom attached.
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Glycerol is an example of a ______ alcohol.
Glycerol is an example of a ______ alcohol.
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The presence of hydroxyl group is the main factor in determining the ______ of alcohol.
The presence of hydroxyl group is the main factor in determining the ______ of alcohol.
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Alcohols are more water-soluble than simple hydrocarbons due to the presence of the polar ______.
Alcohols are more water-soluble than simple hydrocarbons due to the presence of the polar ______.
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Alcohols are able to form hydrogen bonds, resulting in higher ______ points compared to hydrocarbons.
Alcohols are able to form hydrogen bonds, resulting in higher ______ points compared to hydrocarbons.
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The boiling point of alcohols decreases with an increase in ______ in aliphatic carbon chains.
The boiling point of alcohols decreases with an increase in ______ in aliphatic carbon chains.
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Alcohols dissolve in water due to the presence of ______ bonds.
Alcohols dissolve in water due to the presence of ______ bonds.
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Alcohols have many uses in our everyday world. They are found in beverages, antifreeze, antiseptics, and ______.
Alcohols have many uses in our everyday world. They are found in beverages, antifreeze, antiseptics, and ______.
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Ethanol is most prominent in nature as it is the product of ______.
Ethanol is most prominent in nature as it is the product of ______.
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Chemical Properties of Alcohol: Lucas test is used to distinguish between alcohols according to the rate of reaction. Tertiary alcohol reacts directly with Lucas reagent. The reactivity order is 30 > 20 > 10 > ______.
Chemical Properties of Alcohol: Lucas test is used to distinguish between alcohols according to the rate of reaction. Tertiary alcohol reacts directly with Lucas reagent. The reactivity order is 30 > 20 > 10 > ______.
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Oxidation by cold KMnO4: Primary alcohol oxidizes to form ______.
Oxidation by cold KMnO4: Primary alcohol oxidizes to form ______.
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Formation of Halides: Halogens such as chlorine or bromine replace the -OH group in an alcohol. ROH + HCl → R-Cl + ______
Formation of Halides: Halogens such as chlorine or bromine replace the -OH group in an alcohol. ROH + HCl → R-Cl + ______
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Reaction with HNO3: The reaction of some alcohols with nitric acid, HNO3, gives ______ esters.
Reaction with HNO3: The reaction of some alcohols with nitric acid, HNO3, gives ______ esters.
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Dehydration of Alcohol: The dehydration reaction of alcohols to generate alkene proceeds by heating the alcohols in the presence of a strong acid, such as sulfuric or phosphoric acid, at high ______.
Dehydration of Alcohol: The dehydration reaction of alcohols to generate alkene proceeds by heating the alcohols in the presence of a strong acid, such as sulfuric or phosphoric acid, at high ______.
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Study Notes
Alcohols: Definition and Structure
- Alcohols are organic compounds where a hydroxyl group replaces the hydrogen atom of an aliphatic carbon.
- An alcohol molecule consists of two parts: the alkyl group and the hydroxyl group.
Physical Properties of Alcohols
- Alcohols are polar, containing an unsymmetrical distribution of charge between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms.
- Alcohols are more water-soluble than simple hydrocarbons due to the presence of the polar hydroxyl group.
- Alcohols are able to form hydrogen bonds, resulting in higher boiling points compared to hydrocarbons.
- The boiling point of alcohols decreases with an increase in branching in aliphatic carbon chains.
- Alcohols dissolve in water due to the presence of hydrogen bonds.
Types of Alcohols
- Monohydric alcohols contain one -OH group.
- Alcohols are classified into three types based on the number of carbon atoms attached to the carbon bonded to the -OH group: primary, secondary, and tertiary.
- Primary alcohol has one carbon atom attached.
- Glycerol is an example of a polyhydric alcohol.
Chemical Properties of Alcohols
- The presence of hydroxyl group is the main factor in determining the solubility of alcohol.
- Lucas test is used to distinguish between alcohols according to the rate of reaction.
- The reactivity order is tertiary > secondary > primary > methyl.
- Primary alcohol oxidizes to form aldehyde or acid by oxidation with cold KMnO4.
- Formation of Halides: Halogens such as chlorine or bromine replace the -OH group in an alcohol, producing alkyl halides.
- Reaction with HNO3: The reaction of some alcohols with nitric acid, HNO3, gives nitrate esters.
- Dehydration of Alcohol: The dehydration reaction of alcohols to generate alkene proceeds by heating the alcohols in the presence of a strong acid, such as sulfuric or phosphoric acid, at high temperatures.
Uses of Alcohols
- Alcohols are found in beverages, antifreeze, antiseptics, and pharmaceuticals.
- Ethanol is most prominent in nature as it is the product of fermentation.
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Description
Learn about the Lucas test, which is used to distinguish between primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols. Explore the chemical properties of alcohols and their diverse applications in everyday life, science, and industry.
