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Questions and Answers
What is the primary focus of chemical kinetics?
What is the primary focus of chemical kinetics?
- Examining the energy changes in a chemical reaction.
- Studying the rates of chemical reactions and the factors affecting them. (correct)
- Identifying the products of a chemical reaction.
- Determining the equilibrium constant of a reaction.
Which of the following best describes the 'rate' of a chemical reaction?
Which of the following best describes the 'rate' of a chemical reaction?
- The total amount of product formed at equilibrium.
- The relative speed at which a reaction progresses or changes. (correct)
- The concentration of reactants at the start of the reaction.
- The energy required to initiate a reaction.
In collision theory, what is the activation energy?
In collision theory, what is the activation energy?
- The average kinetic energy of the reactant particles.
- The minimum energy required for a reaction to occur effectively. (correct)
- The maximum energy that reactant particles can possess.
- The energy released during the formation of product molecules.
According to collision theory, what two factors primarily determine the rate of a reaction?
According to collision theory, what two factors primarily determine the rate of a reaction?
What happens if colliding particles possess less energy than the activation energy?
What happens if colliding particles possess less energy than the activation energy?
Which of the following changes typically increases the rate of a chemical reaction?
Which of the following changes typically increases the rate of a chemical reaction?
How does increasing the temperature generally affect the rate of a reaction?
How does increasing the temperature generally affect the rate of a reaction?
Why does increasing the concentration of reactants generally increase the reaction rate?
Why does increasing the concentration of reactants generally increase the reaction rate?
For gaseous reactants, how does increasing the pressure affect the rate of reaction?
For gaseous reactants, how does increasing the pressure affect the rate of reaction?
How does increasing the surface area of a solid reactant affect the reaction rate?
How does increasing the surface area of a solid reactant affect the reaction rate?
What is the role of a catalyst in a chemical reaction?
What is the role of a catalyst in a chemical reaction?
How do catalysts typically work to speed up a reaction?
How do catalysts typically work to speed up a reaction?
Which of the following is an example of a catalyst used in industrial processes?
Which of the following is an example of a catalyst used in industrial processes?
What common application exploits reduced temperature to slow reaction rates?
What common application exploits reduced temperature to slow reaction rates?
Which statement best explains the function of platinum in catalytic converters of car exhausts?
Which statement best explains the function of platinum in catalytic converters of car exhausts?
What is the effect of a catalyst on the equilibrium of a reversible reaction?
What is the effect of a catalyst on the equilibrium of a reversible reaction?
Which factor does NOT affect the rate of a chemical reaction?
Which factor does NOT affect the rate of a chemical reaction?
Suppose a reaction's rate doubles for every 10°C rise in temperature. If you increase the temperature from 25°C to 45°C, how would you expect the reaction rate to change?
Suppose a reaction's rate doubles for every 10°C rise in temperature. If you increase the temperature from 25°C to 45°C, how would you expect the reaction rate to change?
Which scenario would likely result in the fastest reaction rate, assuming all other factors are constant?
Which scenario would likely result in the fastest reaction rate, assuming all other factors are constant?
Why does a powdered solid react faster than a single large piece of the same solid?
Why does a powdered solid react faster than a single large piece of the same solid?
What distinguishes enzymes from inorganic catalysts?
What distinguishes enzymes from inorganic catalysts?
How does the addition of a catalyst affect the potential energy diagram of a reaction?
How does the addition of a catalyst affect the potential energy diagram of a reaction?
Consider the rusting of iron, a slow reaction. Which alteration would likely speed up the reaction?
Consider the rusting of iron, a slow reaction. Which alteration would likely speed up the reaction?
If a chemical reaction involves two gaseous reactants, what would typically happen to the reaction rate if the volume of the container is decreased?
If a chemical reaction involves two gaseous reactants, what would typically happen to the reaction rate if the volume of the container is decreased?
Why do elevated temperatures promote quick cooking?
Why do elevated temperatures promote quick cooking?
When hydrogen and oxygen react in the presence of platinum, what role does the platinum play?
When hydrogen and oxygen react in the presence of platinum, what role does the platinum play?
Considering the Haber process (production of ammonia), how does iron function?
Considering the Haber process (production of ammonia), how does iron function?
Which of the following practices would NOT typically slow down the rate of a chemical reaction that causes spoilage?
Which of the following practices would NOT typically slow down the rate of a chemical reaction that causes spoilage?
If you have two reactions, one with a high activation energy and one with a low activation energy, which will proceed faster (assuming all other factors are equal)?
If you have two reactions, one with a high activation energy and one with a low activation energy, which will proceed faster (assuming all other factors are equal)?
How is the concept of 'surface area' applied in industrial catalytic processes?
How is the concept of 'surface area' applied in industrial catalytic processes?
What is the primary reason for using catalysts across various industries?
What is the primary reason for using catalysts across various industries?
How can increasing air pressure speed up specific types of reactions?
How can increasing air pressure speed up specific types of reactions?
Which statement accurately relates temperature to particle behavior and reaction rates?
Which statement accurately relates temperature to particle behavior and reaction rates?
What is a key reason that catalysts are not 'used up' in a reaction?
What is a key reason that catalysts are not 'used up' in a reaction?
In the context of reaction rates, consider an untouched apple versus a sliced apple. How does this scenario relate to reaction dynamics?
In the context of reaction rates, consider an untouched apple versus a sliced apple. How does this scenario relate to reaction dynamics?
How does pressure impact the state and behavior of gases in reactions?
How does pressure impact the state and behavior of gases in reactions?
Why might a food manufacturer choose to use a catalyst in their food production process?
Why might a food manufacturer choose to use a catalyst in their food production process?
How do enzymes facilitate biochemical reactions within biological organisms?
How do enzymes facilitate biochemical reactions within biological organisms?
Which factor would most effectively prevent explosive reactions from occurring too rapidly?
Which factor would most effectively prevent explosive reactions from occurring too rapidly?
In what distinct way does surface area influence reactions involving solid materials?
In what distinct way does surface area influence reactions involving solid materials?
If a food item tends to brown quickly, what intervention would best minimize this effect?
If a food item tends to brown quickly, what intervention would best minimize this effect?
Considering collision theory, which scenario would most likely result in a successful chemical reaction?
Considering collision theory, which scenario would most likely result in a successful chemical reaction?
How does a catalyst increase the rate of a reaction?
How does a catalyst increase the rate of a reaction?
Which of the following best describes how platinum functions as a catalyst in the reaction between hydrogen and oxygen?
Which of the following best describes how platinum functions as a catalyst in the reaction between hydrogen and oxygen?
In the context of reaction rates, why does increasing the pressure of gaseous reactants generally speed up the reaction?
In the context of reaction rates, why does increasing the pressure of gaseous reactants generally speed up the reaction?
How does the concept of 'surface area' directly influence the reaction rate of a solid reactant?
How does the concept of 'surface area' directly influence the reaction rate of a solid reactant?
Flashcards
Chemical Kinetics
Chemical Kinetics
The study of the speed of a chemical reaction and the factors affecting it.
Rate of Reaction
Rate of Reaction
The relative speed of progress or change of a reaction.
Collision Theory
Collision Theory
Reactions occur when reactant particles collide with sufficient energy.
Activation Energy
Activation Energy
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Factors affecting reaction rate
Factors affecting reaction rate
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Temperature
Temperature
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Concentration
Concentration
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Pressure (for gases)
Pressure (for gases)
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Surface Area
Surface Area
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Catalysts
Catalysts
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Enzymes
Enzymes
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How Catalysts Work
How Catalysts Work
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Study Notes
- Chemical kinetics studies the speed of chemical reactions and the factors influencing them.
Rate
- Rate is the relative speed of progress or change in a reaction
- The speed of a reaction is called the rate.
Reaction Rate Examples
- Rusting and rotting fruit are slow reactions
- Explosions are very fast reactions
- Chemical weathering of rocks is a very slow reaction
- The reaction of sodium and water is fast
Collision Theory
- Reactions occur when reactant particles collide with sufficient energy, known as collision theory.
- Activation energy is the energy needed for a reaction to occur and varies for each reaction.
Reaction Dependence
- The rate of a reaction is related to the frequency of collisions between particles.
- The rate of a reaction is related to the energy with which those particles collide.
- Particles colliding with less energy than the activation energy will not react, and instead bounce off each other.
- The frequency of collisions will speed up a reactions.
Temperature
- Higher temperatures increase reaction rates, as a 10°C rise can approximately double the rate in many reactions
- At higher temperatures, particles possess more energy, move faster, and are more likely to collide.
- These collisions occur with greater energy, boosting the number of successful collisions.
Concentration
- Concentration is the number of molecules or particles in a given volume.
- Higher concentrations of dissolved reactants lead to faster reaction rates.
- Increased concentration means more particles in the same space, increasing the likelihood of collisions.
Pressure
- As pressure increases, gaseous particles occupy a smaller space, increasing the frequency of collisions and reaction rate.
Surface Area
- Reactions involving solids can only occur at the surface of the solid.
- Breaking a solid into smaller pieces increases the surface area, thus increasing the rate of solid reactions
- Increased surface area provides more area for non-solid reactant particles to collide with.
- Smaller pieces lead to greater surface area, more collisions, and a faster reaction rate.
Catalysts
- Catalysts are substances that alter a reaction rate without being consumed.
- Catalysts are important in industry as they can produce products faster, reduce the need for high temperatures, saving time, fuel and money and pollution.
- Enzymes are biological catalysts, which consist of special proteins.
Common Catalyst Elements
- Nickel catalyzes margarine production
- Iron catalyzes ammonia production
- Platinum catalyzes carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide conversion into carbon dioxide and nitrogen in catalytic converters
How Catalysts Work
- Chemical reactions require energy to break existing bonds and bring reacting particles together.
- Catalysts speeds up reactions, involving a lower activation energy through an easier alternative.
- Catalysts work by providing an alternative route for the reaction, involving a lower activation energy
Platinum Catalysis
- Platinum facilitates the reaction between hydrogen and oxygen to produce water.
- The gas molecules are brought together on the platinum surface, where they are adsorbed.
- The molecules are much closer together and their bonds are weakened, lowering the activation energy of the reaction.
- The larger the surface area of the platinum, the quicker the reaction.
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