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Questions and Answers
How did advancements in transportation, such as steamboats, influence westward expansion in the United States?
How did advancements in transportation, such as steamboats, influence westward expansion in the United States?
- They decreased the efficiency of transporting goods, leading to slower economic growth in the West.
- They primarily benefited the Northern states by improving trade routes along the East Coast.
- They facilitated faster transport of goods and people, enabling easier travel upstream and accelerating westward expansion. (correct)
- They limited travel to waterways, restricting settlement to areas near rivers and canals.
What was the primary motivation behind Henry David Thoreau's refusal to pay his poll tax, leading to his imprisonment?
What was the primary motivation behind Henry David Thoreau's refusal to pay his poll tax, leading to his imprisonment?
- He was protesting against slavery and the Mexican-American War, viewing the tax as support for these institutions. (correct)
- He aimed to highlight the corruption within the local tax collection system.
- He sought to incite a rebellion against the government's economic policies.
- He opposed all forms of taxation and believed in complete individual autonomy.
How did the Mexican Cession intensify the debate over slavery in the mid-19th century United States?
How did the Mexican Cession intensify the debate over slavery in the mid-19th century United States?
- It resulted in the federal government mandating that all new territories would be open to popular sovereignty.
- It led to the immediate abolition of slavery in all newly acquired territories.
- It amplified the question of whether new states would be slave or free, leading to political conflict and the Compromise of 1850. (correct)
- It caused a unanimous agreement among politicians to extend the Missouri Compromise line.
What role did the Seneca Falls Convention play in advancing women's rights during the Reform Era?
What role did the Seneca Falls Convention play in advancing women's rights during the Reform Era?
How did the development of Samuel Morse’s telegraph impact communication and commerce in the United States?
How did the development of Samuel Morse’s telegraph impact communication and commerce in the United States?
In what ways did the Second Great Awakening influence various reform movements of the 19th century?
In what ways did the Second Great Awakening influence various reform movements of the 19th century?
What impact did industrialization have on nativist sentiments toward the growing immigrant population in the United States?
What impact did industrialization have on nativist sentiments toward the growing immigrant population in the United States?
How did Eli Whitney’s cotton gin affect the demand for enslaved labor in the southern United States?
How did Eli Whitney’s cotton gin affect the demand for enslaved labor in the southern United States?
What distinguishes the artistic movement known as the Hudson River School from other artistic movements of the era?
What distinguishes the artistic movement known as the Hudson River School from other artistic movements of the era?
How did the Missouri Compromise seek to address the issue of slavery in the expanding United States?
How did the Missouri Compromise seek to address the issue of slavery in the expanding United States?
Flashcards
Samuel Morse's telegraph
Samuel Morse's telegraph
Led to more efficient communication over long distances and resulted in a transcontinental telegraph line.
Samuel Slater's Mill
Samuel Slater's Mill
Increased textile production in the Northeastern U.S.
The Mexican Cession
The Mexican Cession
Intensified the debate over slavery, leading to the Compromise of 1850.
Manufacturing in Northern States
Manufacturing in Northern States
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Land gained from the Mexican Cession
Land gained from the Mexican Cession
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Henry David Thoreau
Henry David Thoreau
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Hudson River School of Artists
Hudson River School of Artists
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Eli Whitney's cotton gin
Eli Whitney's cotton gin
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Development of the factory system
Development of the factory system
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Steel plow and mechanical reaper
Steel plow and mechanical reaper
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Study Notes
Chemical Kinetics
- Concerns reaction rates, which can vary greatly in speed.
- Some reactions occur very fast, while others are very slow.
Reaction Rate
- Indicates the speed at which a chemical reaction occurs.
- Defined as rate = $\frac{\Delta[A]}{\Delta t}$, where "[A]" is the concentration of reactant or product, "$\Delta$" denotes the change in, and "t" is time.
Rates of Reactions
- For the reaction $A \longrightarrow B$ reactant "A" decreases, whereas product "B" increases.
- It is more useful to monitor the change in concentration with time:
- $-\frac{\Delta[A]}{\Delta t}$: Rate of disappearance of A
- $\frac{\Delta[B]}{\Delta t}$: Rate of appearance of B
Example
- For the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide $2H_2O_2(aq) \longrightarrow 2H_2O(l) + O_2(g)$:
- Rate of decomposition of $H_2O_2$ can be defined as Rate = $-\frac{1}{2} \frac{\Delta[H_2O_2]}{\Delta t}$.
- Rate of formation of $H_2O$ can be defined as Rate = $\frac{1}{2} \frac{\Delta[H_2O]}{\Delta t}$.
- Rate of formation of $O_2$ can be defined as Rate = $\frac{\Delta[O_2]}{\Delta t}$.
General Rate Expression
- $aA + bB \longrightarrow cC + dD$
- Rate = $-\frac{1}{a} \frac{\Delta[A]}{\Delta t} = -\frac{1}{b} \frac{\Delta[B]}{\Delta t} = \frac{1}{c} \frac{\Delta[C]}{\Delta t} = \frac{1}{d} \frac{\Delta[D]}{\Delta t}$.
Example
- Consider the reaction: $N_2(g) + 3H_2(g) \longrightarrow 2NH_3(g)$.
- If the rate of disappearance of $H_2(g)$ is $3.0 \times 10^{-3} M/s$, the rate of appearance of $NH_3(g)$ is calculated as follows:
- Rate = $-\frac{1}{3} \frac{\Delta [H_2]}{\Delta t} = \frac{1}{2} \frac{\Delta [NH_3]}{\Delta t}$
- $\frac{1}{2} \frac{\Delta [NH_3]}{\Delta t} = -\frac{1}{3} \frac{\Delta [H_2]}{\Delta t}$
- $\frac{\Delta [NH_3]}{\Delta t} = -\frac{2}{3} \frac{\Delta [H_2]}{\Delta t} = \frac{2}{3}(3.0 \times 10^{-3} M/s) = 2.0 \times 10^{-3} M/s$
Bernoulli's Principle
- States that an increase in the speed of a fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure or a decrease in the fluid's potential energy.
How Airplanes Fly
- Airplanes are designed to take advantage of Bernoulli's principle.
- The wing is shaped so that the air travels faster over the top of the wing.
- Slower air travels under the wing.
- Fast air = low pressure, slow air = high pressure.
- The high pressure air under the wing pushes the wing up.
Lift
- The upward force on an airplane wing.
- The wing of a Boeing 747 can generate enough lift to raise 70 cars.
Examples
- Atomizers (perfume bottles).
- Chimneys.
- Airplanes.
Curveball
- The spinning ball causes the air to move faster on one side than the other.
- The difference in speed causes a pressure difference, deflecting the ball.
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