WHO classification of primary tumor

Which of the following molecular alterations is most crucial in differentiating between subtypes of adult-type diffuse gliomas, impacting both classification and prognosis?

In the context of paediatric diffuse gliomas, which distinction most significantly directs therapeutic strategies and prognostic expectations?

Among circumscribed astrocytic gliomas, which histological subtype is recognized for its potential to exhibit features of higher-grade gliomas, necessitating careful pathological evaluation to predict clinical behavior?

Dysplastic cerebellar gangliocytoma (Lhermitte-Duclos disease) is uniquely characterized by its association with which of the following genetic syndromes?

Which genetic fusion is most characteristically associated with supratentorial ependymomas, aiding in their molecular classification and differentiation from other ependymal tumor subtypes?

Posterior fossa ependymomas are further subcategorized into groups A and B based on distinct molecular profiles. What is the primary molecular driver distinguishing posterior fossa group A (PFA) ependymomas?

Among choroid plexus tumors, which variant is associated with the poorest prognosis due to its aggressive biological behavior and tendency for dissemination within the central nervous system?

Papillary tumor of the pineal region, a distinct pineal tumor entity, is characterized by a specific molecular alteration involving which pathway, potentially offering targeted therapeutic avenues?

Medulloblastomas are now classified into molecular subgroups with distinct clinical and biological characteristics. Which subgroup is typically associated with the best prognosis?

Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor (AT/RT), a highly aggressive embryonal tumor, is defined by inactivation of which tumor suppressor gene, critical for its diagnosis and understanding of its pathogenesis?

Among cranial and spinal nerve tumors, which entity is derived from Schwann cells and is frequently associated with Neurofibromatosis type 2?

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) can arise in association with which predisposing genetic condition, significantly increasing the risk of developing these aggressive sarcomas?

Chordoma, a tumor arising from notochordal remnants, is most frequently located in which anatomical region of the axial skeleton?

Meningiomas, the most common primary intracranial tumors, are thought to originate from which type of cells within the meninges?

Among haematolymphoid tumors involving the CNS, which subtype is characterized by an aggressive clinical course and often presents as space-occupying lesions within the brain parenchyma?

Germinoma, the most common type of intracranial germ cell tumor, most frequently arises in which specific location within the CNS?

Adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma, a tumor of the sellar region, is thought to arise from remnants of which embryonic structure?

Papillary craniopharyngioma, a less common subtype, differs from adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma not only histologically but also in its typical genetic alteration. Which mutation is characteristic of papillary craniopharyngioma?

Pituitary adenomas are broadly classified based on their hormone production. Which type of pituitary adenoma is the most common, frequently presenting with hyperprolactinemia?

Among paediatric-type diffuse high-grade gliomas, diffuse midline glioma, H3 K27-altered, is defined by a specific histone mutation. What is the location of this critical mutation in histone H3?

Infant-type hemispheric glioma, another category of paediatric-type diffuse high-grade glioma, is characterized by fusions involving which receptor tyrosine kinase genes?

Polymorphous low-grade neuroepithelial tumour of the young (PLNTY), a paediatric-type diffuse low-grade glioma, often harbors alterations in which signaling pathway?

Angiocentric glioma, also classified under paediatric-type diffuse low-grade gliomas, is histologically characterized by a distinct growth pattern around which type of CNS structure?

Among adult-type diffuse gliomas, oligodendroglioma, IDH-mutant and 1p/19q-codeleted is defined by co-occurrence of IDH mutation and 1p/19q codeletion. What is the significance of 1p/19q codeletion in these tumors?

Astrocytoma, IDH-mutant, an adult-type diffuse glioma, is graded based on histological features. Which grading system is currently used for these tumors according to the WHO classification?

Glioblastoma, IDH-wildtype, the most aggressive adult-type diffuse glioma, is molecularly defined by the absence of IDH mutation and often harbors other genetic alterations. Which of the following is a common genetic alteration in IDH-wildtype glioblastomas?

Among circumscribed astrocytic gliomas, pilocytic astrocytoma is the most common. What is a characteristic genetic alteration frequently found in pilocytic astrocytomas?

Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma (SEGA) is strongly associated with which genetic syndrome, often leading to the development of SEGAs within the ventricles?

Chordoid glioma, a rare circumscribed astrocytic glioma, typically occurs in which location within the CNS?

Among glioneuronal and neuronal tumors, ganglioglioma is a common type. What is the defining characteristic of gangliogliomas histologically?

Desmoplastic infantile ganglioglioma/desmoplastic infantile astrocytoma are typically diagnosed in which age group?

Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor (DNET) is a glioneuronal tumor often associated with which clinical presentation?

Rosette-forming glioneuronal tumor is characterized by a distinctive histological feature involving neurocytic rosettes around which structures?

Myxoid glioneuronal tumor, a recently recognized entity, is typically located in which region of the brain?

Diffuse leptomeningeal glioneuronal tumor (DLGNT) is characterized by its spread along which CNS compartment?

Multinodular and vacuolating neuronal tumor (MVNT) is considered to be primarily what type of lesion in terms of neoplastic potential?

Dysplastic cerebellar ganglioncytoma (Lhermitte-Duclos disease) is histologically characterized by an abnormal expansion of which layer of the cerebellum?

Central neurocytoma, a neuronal tumor, typically arises within which ventricular structure of the brain?

Extraventricular neurocytoma, a variant of neurocytoma, is distinguished from central neurocytoma primarily by its location. Where is extraventricular neurocytoma typically found?

Cerebellar liponeurocytoma, a rare glioneuronal tumor, is characterized by a unique histological component. What is this distinguishing feature?

The molecular classification of medulloblastomas has refined our understanding of these tumours and their clinical management. Considering the distinct signalling pathways driving medulloblastoma subtypes, how does the differentiation between WNT-activated and SHH-activated medulloblastomas most significantly inform therapeutic strategies beyond conventional approaches?

Paediatric diffuse low-grade gliomas are a heterogeneous group with distinct molecular drivers. In the context of targeted therapy development, which of the following molecular alterations, characteristic of specific paediatric low-grade glioma subtypes like Polymorphous low-grade neuroepithelial tumour of the young (PLNTY) and Angiocentric glioma, presents the most promising avenue for precision medicine approaches?

Ependymal tumours, classified by location and molecular signatures, exhibit significant biological diversity. How does the presence of ZFTA or YAP1 fusions in supratentorial ependymomas fundamentally alter our understanding of their tumorigenesis and clinical behaviour compared to posterior fossa ependymomas, particularly concerning therapeutic resistance?

Craniopharyngiomas, arising in the sellar region, are histologically and genetically distinct as adamantinomatous and papillary subtypes. What embryological distinction most fundamentally explains the divergent pathogenesis and molecular profiles observed between adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma (ACP) and papillary craniopharyngioma (PCP)?

In the classification of adult-type diffuse gliomas, the co-occurrence of IDH mutation and 1p/19q codeletion defines oligodendroglioma. How does this specific molecular signature, in comparison to IDH-mutant astrocytomas without 1p/19q codeletion, most critically refine our understanding of tumour biology and predict differential responses to clinical therapies?