Chemical Kinetics and Conversions Quiz

A unit of measurement commonly used for expressing the mass of substances, especially in chemistry and pharmaceuticals.

A unit of measurement for very small masses, often used in chemistry for extremely small amounts of substances.

A unit of measurement indicating the amount of a substance in a chemical reaction or solution.

A unit of measurement for volume, commonly used for liquids.

A system of units used in science and engineering, using meters, kilograms, seconds, and other base units.

A system of units often used in the US, based on feet, pounds, gallons, etc.

The ratio of mass per unit volume, representing how much matter is packed into a certain space.

The amount of substance present per unit volume of a mixture, often expressed in mg/L, µg/L, or mol/L.

In a chemical reaction, the speed at which a substance is transformed from one form to another.

A type of chemical reaction where the rate of reaction is independent of the concentration of the reactants.

A chemical reaction where the speed of the reaction is directly proportional to the concentration of the reactant.

The time it takes for the concentration of a substance to decrease to half its initial value in a first-order reaction.

Process in which a substance breaks down into simpler substances.

Process in which a substance is formed from simpler substances.

A constant used in the rate law to describe the rate of a chemical reaction.

A model used to describe how the concentration of a substance changes over time in a batch system, particularly for reactions with zero-order kinetics.

The mass of a substance per unit volume of a fluid.

The number of moles of a substance per liter of solution.

The volume of a gaseous pollutant per million volumes of the air mixture. It represents the concentration of a gas in the air.

A relationship that describes the behavior of ideal gases. It relates pressure, volume, moles of gas, and temperature.

The mass of a substance per unit volume of air. It represents the concentration of a pollutant in the air.

The process of treating water with fluoride to reduce tooth decay.

The amount of fluoride needed in water to be effective for tooth decay prevention.

The process of removing pollutants from air or water to improve its quality.

The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by one degree Celsius (or Fahrenheit) without causing a change in its physical state (e.g., solid to liquid).

The amount of heat energy absorbed or released during a change of state (e.g., melting, freezing, boiling, condensation) at a constant temperature.

The amount of heat energy required to melt one gram of a substance at its melting point.

The amount of heat energy required to vaporize one gram of a substance at its boiling point.

The process where heat energy causes a change in temperature of a substance without a change in its physical state.

The process where heat energy causes a change in the physical state of a substance without a change in its temperature.

The amount of heat energy required to change the phase of a substance from solid to liquid (melting) or from liquid to gas (boiling).

A graphical representation that demonstrates the relationship between heat energy input and temperature changes in a substance, including phase changes.

The concentration of a substance in a system at a specific point in time, considering both inflow and outflow, and potential decay or generation.

The constant concentration of a substance in a system when inflow, outflow, and decay or generation processes reach a balance.

The rate at which a substance decays or is removed from a system, often expressed as a per-time unit like per day or per hour. It reflects how quickly the substance breaks down or disappears.

The flow rate of a substance entering or leaving a system, commonly expressed as volume per time unit like m3/hr or L/s. It represents the amount of substance moving in or out per unit of time.

The volume of a system where a substance is being considered, like a lake or reactor. It represents the total space where the substance is distributed.

The initial concentration of a substance in a system before any inflow or generation processes occur.

The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that it is impossible to convert all heat energy into useful work. Some energy will always be lost as waste heat, even in ideal systems.

A heat engine is a device that converts thermal energy (heat) into mechanical energy (work). It does this by transferring heat from a high-temperature source to a low-temperature source, generating work in the process.

Waste heat is an inevitable byproduct of energy conversion in heat engines. It is the heat energy that is not converted into useful work and is rejected to the surroundings.

A Carnot engine is a theoretical, ideal heat engine that operates at the maximum possible efficiency. It achieves this by operating between two heat reservoirs at different temperatures.

The efficiency of a heat engine is the ratio of the work output to the heat input. It represents how effectively the engine converts heat into useful work.

The first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another. This means that the total energy in a closed system remains constant.

A reservoir is a body of matter that can absorb or release heat without significantly changing its temperature. In a heat engine, the hot reservoir provides heat, and the cold reservoir absorbs waste heat.

The temperature difference between the hot and cold reservoirs of a heat engine is crucial for driving the engine. A larger temperature difference results in higher efficiency and more work produced.