Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is considered a strong acid?
Which of the following is considered a strong acid?
- Hydrochloric acid (HCl) (correct)
- Ammonia (NH3)
- Carbonic acid (H2CO3)
- Ethanoic acid (CH3COOH)
What is the primary product when an acid reacts with a metal hydroxide?
What is the primary product when an acid reacts with a metal hydroxide?
- Salt and carbon dioxide
- Salt and oxygen
- Salt and water (correct)
- Water and hydrogen gas
Which of the following compounds is classified as a weak base?
Which of the following compounds is classified as a weak base?
- Potassium hydroxide (KOH)
- Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2)
- Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
- Ammonia (NH3) (correct)
Which statement about buffer solutions is accurate?
Which statement about buffer solutions is accurate?
What is the result of mixing sodium hydroxide (NaOH) with hydrochloric acid (HCl)?
What is the result of mixing sodium hydroxide (NaOH) with hydrochloric acid (HCl)?
What is the correct chemical formula for Calcium Bromide?
What is the correct chemical formula for Calcium Bromide?
Which formula represents Iron(III) fluoride correctly?
Which formula represents Iron(III) fluoride correctly?
What is the correct formula for Magnesium Oxide?
What is the correct formula for Magnesium Oxide?
Determine the chemical formula for Manganese(IV) oxide.
Determine the chemical formula for Manganese(IV) oxide.
What is the formula for Germanium Oxide?
What is the formula for Germanium Oxide?
What is the general reaction pattern for a double displacement reaction?
What is the general reaction pattern for a double displacement reaction?
What does it mean for a chemical equation to be balanced?
What does it mean for a chemical equation to be balanced?
Which of the following statements is true about coefficients in a chemical equation?
Which of the following statements is true about coefficients in a chemical equation?
When balancing a chemical equation, which of the following is NOT a step to follow?
When balancing a chemical equation, which of the following is NOT a step to follow?
In the reaction BaCl2 + 2 AgNO3 → 2 AgCl + Ba(NO3)2, what is the role of the coefficient '2' before AgNO3?
In the reaction BaCl2 + 2 AgNO3 → 2 AgCl + Ba(NO3)2, what is the role of the coefficient '2' before AgNO3?
What is the best description of subscripts in a chemical formula?
What is the best description of subscripts in a chemical formula?
In a complete chemical equation, which part must remain unchanged during balancing?
In a complete chemical equation, which part must remain unchanged during balancing?
What happens to the atoms during a chemical reaction?
What happens to the atoms during a chemical reaction?
What does a subscript '2' indicate in the chemical formula of a diatomic element?
What does a subscript '2' indicate in the chemical formula of a diatomic element?
Which of the following is NOT one of the seven diatomic elements?
Which of the following is NOT one of the seven diatomic elements?
What is the correct name for the compound NaCl?
What is the correct name for the compound NaCl?
Which group contains elements with a valency of 3?
Which group contains elements with a valency of 3?
What is the first step in writing the chemical formula of a compound?
What is the first step in writing the chemical formula of a compound?
What is the valency of chlorine?
What is the valency of chlorine?
Which of the following represents a correct example of a diatomic element?
Which of the following represents a correct example of a diatomic element?
Which ion is correctly named as 'hydroxide'?
Which ion is correctly named as 'hydroxide'?
What is assumed when no coefficient is written in a chemical equation?
What is assumed when no coefficient is written in a chemical equation?
Which element should you begin balancing with when writing a chemical equation?
Which element should you begin balancing with when writing a chemical equation?
Which of the following is true about changing subscripts in chemical formulas?
Which of the following is true about changing subscripts in chemical formulas?
What is necessary after balancing a chemical equation to ensure correctness?
What is necessary after balancing a chemical equation to ensure correctness?
What is the role of a catalyst in a chemical reaction?
What is the role of a catalyst in a chemical reaction?
Why do we not include catalysts in chemical equations?
Why do we not include catalysts in chemical equations?
In equilibrium reactions, what usually happens to the reactants and products?
In equilibrium reactions, what usually happens to the reactants and products?
When balancing the chemical equation $N_2O_5 → N_2 + O_2$, what are the coefficients of the balanced equation?
When balancing the chemical equation $N_2O_5 → N_2 + O_2$, what are the coefficients of the balanced equation?
What occurs at the point of equilibrium in a chemical reaction?
What occurs at the point of equilibrium in a chemical reaction?
According to Le Chatelier’s principle, what happens when a disturbance is applied to an equilibrium system?
According to Le Chatelier’s principle, what happens when a disturbance is applied to an equilibrium system?
Which statement correctly defines an acid according to the Arrhenius Theory?
Which statement correctly defines an acid according to the Arrhenius Theory?
What is a major limitation of the Arrhenius Theory of acids and bases?
What is a major limitation of the Arrhenius Theory of acids and bases?
Which theory defines an acid as a substance that can donate a hydrogen ion to another substance?
Which theory defines an acid as a substance that can donate a hydrogen ion to another substance?
What happens when an acid donates a hydrogen ion according to the Bronsted-Lowry Theory?
What happens when an acid donates a hydrogen ion according to the Bronsted-Lowry Theory?
In what way do acids and bases behave similarly to temperature extremes?
In what way do acids and bases behave similarly to temperature extremes?
What is the characteristic of a substance that is considered neutral?
What is the characteristic of a substance that is considered neutral?
Flashcards
Neutralization
Neutralization
A reaction between an acid and a base that creates a salt and water.
Acid
Acid
A substance that donates hydrogen ions (H+) in solution.
Base
Base
A substance capable of accepting hydrogen ions (H+) in solution.
Buffer Solution
Buffer Solution
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Alkali
Alkali
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Chemical Formula
Chemical Formula
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Valency
Valency
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Roman Numeral Notation
Roman Numeral Notation
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Polyatomic Ions
Polyatomic Ions
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Chemical Formula of a Compound
Chemical Formula of a Compound
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What is a chemical reaction?
What is a chemical reaction?
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What are reactants?
What are reactants?
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What are products?
What are products?
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What is a coefficient?
What is a coefficient?
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What is a subscript?
What is a subscript?
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What is balancing a chemical equation?
What is balancing a chemical equation?
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What is the General Reaction Pattern?
What is the General Reaction Pattern?
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What is the key principle of chemical reactions?
What is the key principle of chemical reactions?
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Equilibrium Reaction
Equilibrium Reaction
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Le Chatelier's Principle
Le Chatelier's Principle
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Bronsted-Lowry Acid
Bronsted-Lowry Acid
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Bronsted-Lowry Base
Bronsted-Lowry Base
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Conjugate Base
Conjugate Base
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Arrhenius Acid
Arrhenius Acid
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Arrhenius Base
Arrhenius Base
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Neutral Substance
Neutral Substance
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Chemical Symbol
Chemical Symbol
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Diatomic Elements
Diatomic Elements
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Binary Compound
Binary Compound
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Writing Chemical Formulae
Writing Chemical Formulae
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Identify Symbols
Identify Symbols
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Write Valencies
Write Valencies
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Cross Valencies
Cross Valencies
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Coefficient of 1
Coefficient of 1
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Catalyst
Catalyst
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Activation Energy
Activation Energy
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Balancing Chemical Equations
Balancing Chemical Equations
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Subscripts for Balancing
Subscripts for Balancing
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Balancing Order
Balancing Order
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Simplifying Coefficients
Simplifying Coefficients
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Study Notes
Chemical Formulae for Elements
- Chemical formulas for elements are simply their chemical symbols. (e.g., Mg for Magnesium)
- Some elements exist as two atoms joined together, called diatomic elements.
- There are 7 diatomic elements: Iodine, Oxygen, Chlorine, Bromine, Nitrogen, Hydrogen, Fluorine.
- Diatomic elements have a subscript '2' in their chemical formula (e.g., O₂ for Oxygen). This indicates two atoms are joined together in a molecule.
Chemical Formulae for Compounds
- Chemical formulae for compounds are determined using the valency of the composing elements.
- The names of elements sometimes end in 'ide'. (e.g., Sodium Chloride NaCl)
- Some ions can also end in 'ide', (e.g., Hydroxide OH⁻)
- The valency depends on the group number of the element in the periodic table.
- Rules to write chemical formulae for compounds with two elements:
- Write symbols of the elements.
- Write valency above each symbol.
- Cross valency over (swap and drop).
- Cancel down ratios if necessary.
- Write correct chemical formula.
###Elements with Multiple Valances
- Transition metals often have more than one valency.
- Roman numerals are used to indicate the valency. (e.g., Copper (II) chloride)
- Follow the rules to determine the correct chemical formula.
Polyatomic Ions
- Some compounds contain multiple ions, containing more than one type of atom. (e.g., carbonate CO₃⁻⁻)
- The valency of a polyatomic ion is equal to its charge.
- Polyatomic ions are written in brackets in chemical formulas. (e.g., Ammonium Nitrate (NH₄)NO₃)
Names with Prefixes
- Prefixes indicate the ratio of atoms in some compounds. (e.g., Mono, Di, Tri, Tetra, Penta, Hexa)
- If a prefix is used in a compound's name, don't use the cross-valency method.
Chemical Reactions
- Chemical reactions involve the rearrangement of atoms, not creation or destruction.
- Reactants are the substances that undergo change, and products are the newly formed substances.
- Chemical reactions involve changes in energy, heat content of the reactants and products is never the same.
- The physical state of reactants and products are indicated by state symbols. (s, l, g, aq)
How to Detect a Chemical Reaction
- Colour changes, heat content changes, gas production (bubbles) are indicators of a reaction.
Types of Chemical Reactions
- Combination/Synthesis: two or more reactants form a single product. (e.g., S + O₂ → SO₂)
- Decomposition: a single reactant breaks down into two or more components. (e.g., CaCO₃ → CaO + CO₂)
- Substitution/Single Replacement: a free element replaces another element in a compound. (e.g., Zn + 2HCl → H₂ + ZnCl₂)
- Metathesis/Double Displacement: the ions of two compounds swap partners. (e.g., HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H₂O)
Balancing Chemical Equations
- Chemical equations must be balanced meaning that the same number of each atom must be present on both sides of the equation.
- Coefficients are used to balance chemical equations to indicate how many molecules of each substance are involved.
- Subscripts, part of the formula, cannot be changed to balance the equation.
Catalysts
- Catalysts speed up reactions.
- Catalysts provide a different reaction path.
- Catalysts don't undergo a change in the chemical reaction themselves.
Equilibrium Reactions
- Reactions that proceed simultaneously in both directions (forward and reverse) reach a point of equilibrium.
- The rates of the forward and reverse reactions become equal.
Acids and Bases
- Acids and bases are substances that have different properties.
- Mixed acids and bases can cancel each other's extreme effects, leading to neutralisation.
- Definitions of acids and bases exist in different theories, such as Arrhenius and the Brønsted-Lowry theories.
- Arrhenius: acid release H+ ions in water and base release OH⁻ ions. Brønsted-Lowry: acid donates H+ ions to other substances and base accepts H+ ions.
pH Scale
- The pH scale measures the concentration of hydronium ions (H⁺) in a solution.
- A pH of 7 is neutral.
- A pH less than 7 is acidic; higher than 7 is basic.
- Each whole pH unit difference represents a tenfold change in H⁺ concentration.
Reactions of Acids and Bases
- When acids react with bases (or metal oxides, or metal hydroxides) the reaction is called neutralisation, producing a salt and water.
Buffer Solutions
- Buffer solutions resist changes in pH.
- Buffer solutions contain a weak acid and one of its salts or a weak base and one of its salts.
- Buffers resist pH changes when small amounts of acid or base are added to a solution.
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Description
This quiz covers the basic concepts of chemical formulae for both elements and compounds. Learn about the symbols of elements, the characteristics of diatomic elements, and the rules for writing chemical formulae for compounds based on valency. Test your understanding of how these fundamentals interconnect in chemistry.
